THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


GALLAJYD'S 

Iowa  Emigrant: 

Containing  a  map,  and  General 
Descriptions  of 

IOWA  TERRITORY. 


Chillicothe: 

PRINTED  BY  WM.  C.  JONES. 

1  840. 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  llic  year  IHIO,  by 
I.  GALLAND, 

In  the  Clerk's  oHice  of  tlie  District  Court  oT  the  District  of  Ohio. 


r  bail 

GI3l 


Historical  IntrodiicliorL 


This  rf.print  of  a  rare  volume  on  early  Iowa  has  been  issued  by 
the  State  Historical  Society  of  Iowa  in  honor  of  a  man  who  was  a 
pioneer  among  Iowa  pioneers.  Dr.  Isaac  Galland,  the  author  of 
Galland's  Iowa  Emigrant,  arrived  in  what  is  now  Lee  County  in 
1829,  four  years  before  permanent  settlement  began  in  Iowa.  More- 
over, Galland  lived  in  Iowa  many  years  before  writing  his  book.  By 
way  of  contrast,  Lieutenant  Albert  M.  Lea  spent  only  a  year  in  the 
Iowa  District  before  publishing  his  Notes  on  Wisconsin  Territory  in 
1836.  John  Plumbe,  Jr.  lived  in  the  Dubuque  lead  mining  area  only 
three  years  before  compiling  his  Sketches  of  Iowa  and  Wisconsin  in 
1839.  Dr.  Galland,  on  the  other  hand,  had  sojourned  eleven  years 
in  the  most  thickly  settled  section  of  Iowa  and  had  in  addition 
lived  across  the  Mississippi  in  Illinois  for  several  years  before  writ- 
ing and  publishing  his  Iowa  Emigrant.  Despite  its  brevity,  Galland's 
little  volume  has  the  advantage  of  closer  personal  observation  and 
longer  perspective  than  the  work  of  either  Lea  or  Plumbe.  The 
book  stands  as  a  monument  to  the  memory  of  one  of  the  most 
colorful  and  dynamic  early  lowans. 

Isaac  Galland  was  born  about  the  year  1792  near  what  is  now 
Chillicothe,  Ohio.  Little  is  known  of  his  boyhood  which  seems  to 
have  been  spent  in  the  Old  Northwest  Territory.  When  a  voung 
man,  Galland  traveled  to  Mexico  with  some  adventurous  compan- 
ions in  search  of  gold.  Imprisoned  by  the  Spanish  authorities,  he 
was  released  at  the  end  of  a  year  and  made  his  wav  back  to  Ohio 
on  foot.  He  paused  for  a  few  years  in  Indiana  about  the  time  of 
the  War  of  1812.  He  dwelt  in  Edgar  County,  Illinois,  where  he  is 
said  to  have  engaged  in  counterfeiting  until  driven  out  bv  authori- 

I 


(ylGiSG 


ties.  I  !c  IS  r(jiii(c'cl  to  li.iNc  lors.iLiii  (Ins  occupalum  hctausc  of  too 
imuli  t  »)m|ii  litioii.  Around  isjf)  lie  was  practicing  mcdiiinc  at 
()(|na\vk.a.  Illinois.  In  \S29  lie  crossed  the  Mississi|i|»i  into  what  is 
iu)\v  Ixc-  (lonnty,  Iowa,  and  lifl|n'd  establish  Nashville  in  the  Ilalf- 
lireed    Tract. 

During  the  next  thirty  years,  or  until  his  death  at  Fort  Madison 
in  IS.'JH,  C.alland  was  intimately  associateil  with  the  history  of  Iowa. 
A  romantic  figure  with  a  "latal  toiu  h  of  genius,"  ( iailand  partici- 
pattii  III  the  liir  trade,  speculated  in  land.  scr\ed  lor  a  time  as  the 
personal  secretary  ol  Joseph  Smith,  the  Mormon  Prophet,  executed 
several  notable  publishin};  ventures,  prescribed  medicine  occasion- 
ally for  ailing  neighbors,  and  starteil  the  first  school  in  Iowa.  Only 
a  restless  adventurer  \\  ith  boundless  energy  and  enterprise  could 
have  had  his  name  associated  with  so  many  facets  of  Iowa  history-. 

Dr.  Galland  had  a  keen,  inventive  mind  and  a  distinct  literary 
flare.  He  was  quicL-tempered  and  quarrelsome,  never  hesitating  to 
attack  an  enemy  with  his  sword  cane,  which  he  always  carried  w  ith 
him.  Versatile  and  resourceful,  Calland  was  said  to  have  learned 
his  medicine  while  languishing  in  jail  lor  counterfeiting.  He  in- 
\  itetl  Herryiiian  Jennings,  a  young  Kentuckian  living  in  Illinois,  to 
cross  the  Mississippi  to  teach  the  first  school  in  Iowa  in  1830.  As 
part  of  his  compensation,  Jetuiings  was  given  the  privilege  of  study- 
ing GallancPs  medical  books.  A  replica  of  this  school  stands  today 
on  the  banks  of  the  Mississippi  below  Montrose,  a  fitting  monu- 
ment to  this  energetic  pioneer. 

As  a  land  speculator,  Galland  aj)parently  played  a  fast  game.  He 
is  said  to  have  put  his  early  counterfeiting  experience  to  good  use 
by  forging  land  warrants.  Much  of  his  activity  centered  in  the  Half- 
breed  Tract.  I  le  may  have  met  or  at  least  corresponded  with  Francis 
Scott  Key,  author  ol  the  "Star  Spangled  Banner,'"  who  was  then  an 
attorney  for  a  New  York  company  having  extensive  land  interests 
in  lx:e  County.  Rey''s  decree,  dividing  the  disputed  laiul  among  one 
hundred  and  one  claimants,  was  recognized  in  one  instance  in  1850 
by  the  United  States  Supreme  (lourt.  (lalland  was  involved  in  many 
(jiiarrels  over  the  dis[)Uted  claims,  wrote  volumiiiousK  on  the  sub- 
ject, and  was  himself  severely  indicted  in  lsr>o  by  I).  \\  .  Kilbourne 
in  his  exceedingly  rare  2  1-page  booklet,  Strittuns,  vu  Dr.  l.  Cal- 
II 


land's  Pamphlet,  Fri/Klal, "Villainy  F.xfwstd/' willi  Sonif  A((ounl  of 
His  I  ransadions  in  Lands  cj  llir  Sac  and  lex  litservntioiis,  Etc.,  in 
Lee  County,  loiva. 

Hut  it  is  as  a  j)ul)lislicr  lliat  (iailaiul  dciiuHistialcd  itiiiarkaljlc 
enterprise.  Arnonj^  the  miinerous  ventures  with  which  he  was  asso- 
ciated either  direcdv  or  iiuhrectly,  one  must  mention  (irst  The  West- 
ern Adiuntnrir  and  I h  raid  oj  the  Upper  Mississippi  which  has  the 
distinction  of  being  the  second  nevvsj)aj)cr  j)rintcd  in  Iowa  — at 
Montrose  in  Lee  County  on  Jmie  28,  1K,'}7.  The  four  page,  seven 
cohunn  |)a|)er  was  discontinued  in  IK.iH  and  oidy  scattered  issues 
have  been  preserved.  It  was  a  readable  paj)er,  due  largely  to  its 
able  editor,  Thomas  Ciregg,  who  declared  in  the  prospectus  that 
the  Western  Adventurer  would  be  devoted  to  the  history,  geography, 
mineralogy,  geology,  climate,  soil,  j)roduction,  ])opulation,  farming, 
conunerce,  mechanics,  education,  improvements,  and  Indian  tradi- 
tions and  remains  of  the  West. 

Not  content  with  this  venture,  Galland  proposed  in  the  columns 
of  the  Western  Adventurer  to  print  a  monthly  publication  to  be  en- 
titled "Chronicles  of  the  Nortii  American  Savages."  He  also  doubt- 
less had  a  hand  in  a  proposed  magazine  to  be  called  "The  Western 
Emigrants' Magazine,  and  Historian  of  Times  in  the  West,"which 
Thomas  Gregg  planned  to  edit  and  publish  monthly  at  the  office 
of  the  Western  Adventurer.  Galland  did  write  a  series  of  articles, 
printed  posthumously  in  the  Annals  of  Iowa  (First  Series)  in  1869, 
and  entitled  "The  Indian  Tribes  of  the  West:  Their  Language,  Re- 
ligion and  Traditions."  His  loxoa  Emigrant  placed  considerable 
emphasis  on  the  red  men  in  Iowa. 

Although  Indians  are  discussed  too  fully  for  a  book  of  this  kind, 
Galland's  Iowa  Emigrant  answered  many  questions  which  the  pros- 
pective emigrant  might  raise  regarding  the  Territory  of  Iowa.  The 
boundaries,  history,  and  general  character  of  the  population  are 
treated,  and  considerable  space  is  devoted  to  the  rivers,  lakes,  wild 
game,  and  fruit  of  the  region.  The  soil  and  climate  are  discussed 
under  these  categories.  Officers  of  government,  counties,  towns,  and 
post  offices,  land  offices  and  their  officers,  Indian  agencies  and  mili- 
tary' posts  are  enumerated  at  the  end  of  the  volume.  Galland's  Iowa 
Emigrant  is  very  individualistic,  containing  much  information  that 

m 


was  luw  .iiul  iiscliil,  ami  il  miisi   Im\c  iiillmiuid   many  fini^raiils 
to  liiaii  towani   Iowa. 

riic-  a|)|>iaraiuc'  lA'  (fiilltniil's  lend  i'.mit^rdut  was  scarcely  a  tri- 
iimUli  ill  primiiij;.  Had  tlic  hook,  hccn  printed  in  a  larj^tr  city,  its 
appearance  might  ha\c-  hccn  more  im|)ressi\e.  lint  ( iallaml.  proh- 
ablv  govcrnetl  by  scnlimenl,  chose  William  Carey  Jones  to  print 
the  hook  in  his  old  home  town  ofChillicolhe,  Ohio.  Horn  in  Maine 
in  ISM.  Jones  was  brought  to  ChillictJthe  by  his  parents  at  the  age 
t)!  two  and  apparently  acquired  considerable  |)rinting  and  newspaper 
experience  before  John  King  met  him  in  iK.Xi.  and  brought  him 
west  to  help  issue  Iowa's  iirst  newspaper— the  Du  liiu/ue  Visiter  on 
May  11.  1H.'36.  Jones  broke  iiis  contract  with  King  in  the  fall  of 
1836, and  returned  to  Chillicothe  where  he  commenced  printing  the 
Scictc  Gazette  on  November  1.  1H3<).  Dr.  Galland  may  have  known 
Jones,  either  at  (Chillicothe  or  at  Dubucjue.  which  probably  accounts 
for  his  selecting  Jones  t(;  |)rint  Gallatid's  Iowa  Emigrant  at  his  print- 
ing office  in  Chillicothe. 

More  should  be  said  of  William  Carey  Jones.  After  returning  to 
Chillicothe,  Jones  studied  law,  was  admitted  to  the  New  Orleans 
bar,  and  on  January  4,  1844  became  co-publisher  of  the  daily  New 
Orleans  Corn/nereial  Bulletin.  In  is  J7.  Jones  married  Eliza  Benton, 
the  eldest  daughter  of  Senator  Thomas  Hart  Henton  of  Missouri, 
thereby  becoming  a  brother-in-law  of  John  C.  Fremont.  Jones  went 
to  California  in  the  fall  of  1849,  where  he  achieved  fame  as  a  law- 
yer and  exj)ert  on  land  titles.  He  died  in  San  Francisco  in  18<>7. 

W  Galland's  linva  Emigrant  is  not  a  gem  in  j)oint  of  j)rinting, 
e\j)erts  agree  its  value  exceeds  that  of  most  gems.  The  book  is  even 
rarer  than  Plumbe's  Sketches.  While  the  Library  of  Congress  had 
located  twenty-two  copies  of  Plumbe's  book,  its  Union  Catalog 
Division  knew  of  only  four  copies  of  Gal  land's  Iowa  Emigrant.  The 
writer  has  discovered  lour  additional  co|)ies  but  eight  other  large 
libraries  that  were  contacted  had  none.  J.  Christian  Bay,  Librarian 
Emeritus  of  the  John  Crerar  Library,  wrote  on  January  Jl,  I<M!i: 
"My  collection  does  not  lonlain  Galland's  loua  Emigrant,  but  I 
ha\e  seen  the  little  book  and  am  aware  that  it  is  extraordinarily 
rare.  1  do  not  recollect  having  noticed  il  in  any  auction  or  book- 
seller's catalogue  during  the  past  30-40  years.  It  commands  resj)ect 
IV 


and  interest  lor  its  autlicnticity.  Its  only  rival  is  Albert  Ix-a's  Ao^i 
en  tilt  Wisamsm  'lei-ritoty.  Holli  are  classics,  and  certainly  no  liis- 
torian  conid  afford  to  overKjok.  tliein."  K.  Kherstailt  ol  New  Ycjrk. 
City,  noted  dealer  in  Americana,  has  described  the  book  as  "very 
rare  indeed!"  In  a  letter  from  Chicago,  dated  January  15,  1949, 
Wright  Howes,  another  leading  authority  on  Americana,  declared 
the  Ctalland  book  was  "manifestly  the  rarest"  of  Iowa  guide  books. 
Accortling  to  Howes:  ''The  auction  records  for  the  last  twenty-five 
years,  for  example,  reveal  four  sales  of  Plumbe's  Sketches  and  none 
of  Galland;  during  this  same  period  I  have  personally  handled  two 
copies  of  Plumbe  and  only  one  of  Galland." 

When  Galland's  Iowa  Emigrant  was  printed  in  1840,  Martin  Van 
Buren  was  president  and  Robert  Lucas  governor  of  the  Territory  of 
Iowa.  The  population  of  this  sprawling  wilderness  had  increased 
from  10,5G1  when  Lea's  Notes  were  printed  in  1836  to  43,112  in 
1840,  Twenty-two  counties  had  been  carved  out  of  the  first  four 
Indian  cessions  (the  Black  Hawk  Purchase,  the  Keokuk  Reserve, 
the  Half-breed  Tract,  and  the  Second  Black  Hawk  Purchase),  but 
only  eighteen  of  these  were  included  in  the  Census  of  1840.  Almost 
one-half  of  the  population  (17,816)  could  be  found  in  the  three 
southeastern  counties— Davis,  Des  Moines,  and  Lee.  Indians  still 
occupied  three-fourths  of  the  territory  and  Iowa  was  still  six  years 
removed  from  statehood. 

More  than  a  century  has  passed  since  William  C.  Jones  printed 
Galland's  Iowa  Emigrant.  To  fill  a  long-felt  need  the  State  Histori- 
cal Society  of  Iowa  has  commissioned  the  distinguished  typog- 
rapher Carroll  Coleman  (five  of  whose  books  have  been  selected 
during  the  past  ten  years  among  the  "Fifty  Books  of  the  Year")  to 
produce  a  reprint  of  Galland's  rare  volume  for  the  pleasure  of  all 
lowans. 

William  J.  Petersen 

Office  of  the  Superintendent  and  Editor 
The  State  Historical  Society  of  Iowa 
Iowa  City,  Iowa 


GALLAND'S 

Iowa  Emigrant. 


To  the  Reader. 


The  writer  had  jiroposed  sending  diis  little  matter  forth  to  the 
public  without  any  preliminary  remarks  whatever;  but  being  pre- 
vailed upon  by  the  publishers  and  (Uhcr  friends  to  accomj)any  it 
with  a  few  preliminary  remarks,  exjiressive  of  the  opjjortunities 
which  he  has  had  of  obtaining  correct  information  on  the  subject 
upon  which  he  treats,  he  begs  leave  to  premise  that  he  has  been  an 
actual  resident  in  the  regions  hereinafter  described  for  the  last  four- 
teen years,  and  more  than  forty  years  a  resident  north-west  of  the 
Ohio  river.  Aware  that  many  publications,  having  in  view,  as  it 
would  seem,  the  same  object,  have  already  appeared  before  the  pub- 
lic, it  might  be  supposed  superfluous  to  tax  the  reading  conununity 
with  any  thing  further  on  the  subject.  But  when  it  is  recollected, 
that  most  of  those  productions  which  have  apjieared  in  the  char- 
acters of  "sketches,"  "notes,"  and  newspaper  paragraphs,  are  mis- 
representations both  of  the  country  and  the  people  who  inhabit  it, 
the  country  being  generally  over-rated,  and  the  progress  of  improve- 
ments greatly  extolled,  should  be  deemed  a  sufficient  apology  for 
this  work.  It  is  true  that  there  are  many  convenient,  comfortable  and 
even  capacious  edifices  in  both  town  and  country;  but  the  "splen- 
did Cathedrals,"  the  "lofty  steeples"  and  "towering  edifices,"  &c. 
spoken  of  by  travellers  and  writers  have  yet  to  be  erected  before 
they  can  be  seen.  It  is  of  vastly  inferior  interest  to  those  who  wish 
to  emigrate  to  a  new  country,  to  learn  in  what  manner  a  few  wealthy 
nabobs  have  already  contrived  to  expend  their  thousands  of  dollars, 
in  pampering  their  pride;  than  to  be  made  acquainted  with  the 
natural  advantages  of  the  country.  "Can  a  poor  man  get  a  comfort- 
able living  there?"  "Can  he  do  better  there  than  to  remain  in  the  old 
settlements  on  rented  lands?"  "Is  it  probable  that  a  poor  man  with 

IX 


a  large  family,  couKl  in  a  few  years  obtain  lands  for  all  his  cliild- 
ren?"  Sucli  wouUl  sci-m  lo  Ik    tlie  most  rational  questions,  to  be 
proposed  by  the  greatest  part  of  enugrants.  Tbese  inquiries  are  con- 
tinually being  answered  in  the  anirmalive,  by  the  improved  circum- 
stances of  hundreds  w  ho  arc  locating  themselves  in  Iowa  Territory. 
It  should  also  be  borne  in  mind,  (hat  whirc  the  earth  is  successfully 
cultivated  and  plentiful  harvests  reward  the  labors  of  the  field,  there 
also  will  the  mechatnc,  the  artizan,  the  merchant  and  the  learned 
professor  find  an  ample  field  for  the  exercise  of  their  industry,  skill, 
enterprise  and  science.  The  privations  attendant  on  settling  a  new 
countn ,  are,  to  many  persons,  an  insurmountable  obstacle.  To  aban- 
don the  place  of  their  nativity,  and  to  forsake  forever  the  society  of 
those  with  whom  they  have  been  associated  from  infancy  to  man- 
hood; to  exchange  the  shrill  tone  of  the  city  bell,  for  the  howling 
of  the  wolf  or  the  melancholy  hooting  of  the  owl;  the  busy  hum  of 
men  and  domesticated  animals,  for  the  distant  murmur  of  the  prai- 
rie hen,  or  the  silent  beauties  of  an  undulating  plain,  ornamented 
with  wild  flowers  of  every  tint;  to  be  as  it  were  exiled  from  society 
and  deprived  of  many  of  those  social  enjoyments  to  which  they 
have  become  attached  by  habit,  are  circumstances  calculated  to  cool 
the  ardor  of  enterprize  in  many  bosoms.  But  had  our  fathers  shrunk 
from  privations  such  as  these,  or  even  from  dangers  and  toils  of 
infinitely  greater  magnitude,  than  any  which  now  await  the  new 
settler  in  Iowa,  the  Ohio  Valley  would  still  have  remained  a  wil- 
derness. Still,  whatever  may  be  the  inconveniences  attending  a  fron- 
tier life,  there  are,  at  least,  some  advantages  resulting  from  it.  The 
important  changes  which  are  continually  occurring,  both  in  the 
moral  and  physical  condition  of  things,  seem  to  mark  so  many  dif- 
ferent periods  of  time  at  an  imaginary  distance  from  each  other, 
so  as  to  double  as  it  were  the  retrospect  of  life.  While  those  who 
have  always  resided  in  cities  or  in  the  older  settlements,  pass  their 
dreaming  lives  away  without  a  striking  event  to  mark  the  progress 
of  their  years. 

NN'hen  I  attempt  to  call  to  miml  the  events  which  have  transjjired 
williin  the  last  thirty  years  of  my  life,  if  their  definite  numf)cr  did 
n<jl  teach   me  otherwise.  I  should  be  disposed  to  think,  at  least  a 
hundred  years  had  passed  away. 
X 


riic  scciitrv  ol  iiiH  iilli\iilc(l  riiiturf.  either  ol  lulls  or  valleys, 
w(jt)cllatiil  or  prairif.  uik  liaiij^cd  hy  liiiiiiaii  art,  is  c  criaiiily  one  of 
the  most  siihlimc,  tcrn-stiai  ohjccts  which  the  (Ircator  ever  prcsciitid 
to  tlie  view  ol  man.  Kcjually  deserving;;  ofour  admiralioii,  is  the  sim- 
ple, unostentatious  manners  of  the  ( InldK  n  of  the  forest.  Ix-t  any 
one  comj)are  the  easy,  social,  unassuminj;  deportment  of  the  western 
pioneer,  with  the  stiff,  reserved,  hauj;hty  and  domineering^  man- 
ners of  a  southern  hlack  leg,  or  a  northern  coxcoiiih,  with  all  their 
boasted  refinements;  —  the  yelling  of  onrwoKes  is  not  more  ollcn- 
sive  to  christian  ears,  than  the  shrieks  (A  tortured  slaves  in  the  civi- 
lized cities  of  the  south;  and  our  wild  roses  yield  as  rich  perfumes, 
as  the  pomatumed  whiskers  of  a  northern  dandy.  In  wiiat  point 
then,  will  the  western  people  suffer  by  a  comj)arison  with  any  other 
section  of  the  Union?  If  they  have  better  laws  in  the  older  divisions 
of  the  country,  they  do  not  obey  them  better;  if  they  have  better 
schools,  they  have  no  better  scholars;  and  if  they  make  more  ado 
about  religion,  they  have  no  more  piety  or  virtue,  than  the  people 
of  the  west.  The  city  refinetncnls  of  the  western  country,  are  the 
only  matters  which  would  make  a  savage  blush:  such,  for  example, 
as  the  burning  of  Mcintosh  in  the  polished  city  of  St.  Louis;  and  the 
murtler  of  Elijah  P.  Lovejoy,  in  the  church  building  city  of  Alton. 
If  these,  together  w  ith  your  mobs  at  Baltimore,  Boston,  New  York, 
Philadelphia,  &c.,  are  specimens  of  your  Christianity  and  civiliza- 
tion, then,  may  heaven  grant,  that  the  native  American  savages  may 
never  be  contaminated  by  such  improvements  as  you  are  laboring 
to  afford  them. 

Among  the  most  prominent  obstacles  in  settling  on  the  frontier, 
from  the  earliest  period  of  American  history  to  the  present  time,  has 
been  the  fear  of  a  savage  foe.  We  are  told  that  the  North  American 
Indians  are  "monsters," \.\\7ii"i\it  only  associations  connected  with 
the  savages  are  of  barbarity  and  perfidy."  That  ''they  have  always 
been  the  aggressors."  ''The  results  of  the  rejK-ated  efforts  of  Gov- 
ernment to  influence  these  Indians,  by  measures  of  kindness  and 
benevolence,  will  warrant  the  conclusion,  that  it  is  futile  to  attenijjt 
any  other  course  towards  them  than  that  of  the  greatest  rigor  and 
severity.  The  natural  distrust  between  the  white  and  red  man,  has 
at  length  amounted  to  an  entire  want  of  confidence  on  both  sides; 

XI 


tlu"  proncncss  of  the  Indians  to  take  tlic  lives  «>f  tlic  whites,  without 
regard  to  sex  or  condition,  whenever  it  is  in  their  power  to  do  so, 
--  form  a  barrier  to  the  renewal  of  anv  good  feelinjj  on  either  side." 
[Sec  the  late  Report  of  the  Major  (General  coniinandinj;  the  .\nny-l 
\  olunies  might  he  filled  with  extracts  of  the  above  description, 
wliich  are  as  illiberal  and  unjust,  as  they  are  cruel  and  untrue. 

"Open  thy  mouth  for  the  dumb ,  and  plead  the  cause  of  the 

poor  and  needy."— froi'.  xxxi.  8,  9. 

Having  commenced  my  earthly  career  about  49  years  ago,  in  the 
Ohio  vallev.  and  frt)m  that  time  to  the  present  date  having  lived  in 
social  and  iainiliar  intercourse  with  the  various  tribes  of  Indians 
who  have  inhabited  the  country  from  Pennsylvania  to  the  Missouri 
river;  speaking  many  of  their  languages,  and  being  intimately  ac- 
(juainted  with  all  the  causes  which  have  led  to  the  unhappy  diffi- 
culties between  these  people  and  the  whites,  I  hope  to  be  excused 
for  calling  in  question  the  correctness  of  such  sweeping  charges, 
no  matter  how  high  the  authority  from  which  they  emanate.  It  is 
due  to  the  injured,  it  is  due  to  myself,  and  it  is  due  to  posterity, 
that  those  insidious  reports  made  bv  designing  individuals  who  are 
interested  in  perpetuating  hostilities  between  the  two  races,  should 
be  corrected  and  the  truth  published  to  the  world.  But  it  cannot 
be  presumed  that  any  thing  more  tiian  a  mere  glance  at  the  subject, 
can  be  expected  in  this  place. 

The  Senate  of  the  United  States  have  made  void  by  a  vote  of  28 
to  19,  a  most  solemn  treaty  with  the  Cherokee  Indians  of  Georgia, 
—  a  treaty  ratified  by  Gen.  Washington  and  all  his  successors  until 
the  administration  of  Gen.  Jackson.  By  this  most  flagrant  outrage 
upon  the  rights  of  humanity,  a  Nation's  character  has  been  sacri- 
ficed for  Naboth's  vineyard,  (see  1st  Kings,  21st  chapter,)  and  the 
Indians  invited  to  make  another  treaty.  Policy  has  been  substituted 
for  the  unchangable  word  jiistice;  and  in  this  as  well  as  other  coun- 
tries, and  under  its  insidious  guise  aristocracy  has  committed  some 
of  the  the  darkest  deeds  and  blackest  crimes  which  have  ever  {lis- 
graced  human  nature.  Hut  why  dwell  upon  this  particular  circum- 
stance, as  though  it  was  an  isolated  case?  If  from  this  act  of  [)erfidy 
on  the  part  of  our  own  government,  towards  the  Gherokees,  we 
could  not  trace  the  whole  catalogue  of  our  recent  difiiculties  with 

zn 


the  Indian  tribes,  both  in  the  soiitli,  the-  iioitli  and  west,  we  vvouhl 
not  have  adverted  to  it.  Wlial  man  of  < oinnion  scti.sc  wonhl  hstcii 
for  a  inoinciit  to  the  (U-claratioiis  ol  another,  who  had  ahcady  vio- 
hitfd  his  j)roinisc,  that  he  might  have  an  ojj|)ortunity  of  making 
another  more  in  accordance  with  liis  interests.  Let  any  impartial  um- 
pire contrast  the  iidniman  butchery  of  tlie  Moravian  Indians  on  the 
Muskingum,  tlie  burning  of  the  old  woman  at  Massasinneway,  the 
indiscriminate  murder  of  women  and  chikJren  at  Bad  Axe,  the  mur- 
der of  Quasquama's  son  by  the  Missourians,  and  a  thousand  other 
atrocities  within  the  knowledge  of  the  writer,  with  every  incident 
of  savage  cruelty  known  to  the  American  ])eople,  and  we  beheve 
the  whites  would  suffer  by  the  comparison. 

While  this  disregard  for  national  character,  in  the  most  dignified 
body  of  legislators  on  the  whole  face  of  the  earth,  is  so  obviously 
manifested,  we  should  not  be  astonished  if  the  brigands  of  our 
own  and  other  countries,  encouraged  by  so  dignified  an  example, 
should  practice  their  profession  upon  these  helj)less  people,  though 
it  should  be  upon  a  much  smaller  scale;  such,  for  instance,  as  horse- 
stealing, robbing  them  of  the  result  of  their  toil,  such  as  meat,  skins, 
&c.,  and  through  cowardice,  inflict  upon  the  injured  Indian  a  most 
brutal  castigation,  with  a  view  of  terrifying  him  from  a  resort  for 
redress  or  revenge.  The  very  blankets  were  stolen  from  around  the 
dead  bodies  of  Indians  in  their  graves,  at  the  mouth  of  Rock  River, 
in  the  celebrated  Black  Hawk  war,  and  after  being  washed  and 
smoked,  were  carried  to  their  homes  by  white  men.  The  bones  of  the 
celebrated  chief.  Black  Hawk,  have  been  stolen  from  his  grave!! 
Thus  it  seems,  that  these  ill  fated  people  are  first  to  be  cheated  out 
of  all  the  products  of  their  country  by  the  traders;  then  to  be  robbed 
of  the  country  itself  by  the  Government;  and,  lastly,  as  they  refuse 
to  be  slaves,  their  bones  are  destined  to  become  articles  of  traffic 
and  speculation.  Would  to  Heaven,  for  the  honor  of  our  common 
country,  that  this  was  an  exaggerated  picture  of  the  facts  in  the  case. 
But,  alas!  one  thousandth  part  of  the  truth  is  not  told,  nor  can  it 
be  at  this  time.  We  may  smile  over  our  ill-gotten  gains,  or  forfeit 
with  impunity  the  confidence  of  a  community  whom  we  no  longer 
fear,  but  sooner  or  later  the  oppressor  will  lie  as  low  as  the  help- 
less being  upon  whom  he  has  trampled.  You  must  first  expunge 

XIII 


rroni  llic  ItriMst  ul  llic  Iiuli.iii  liis  memory,  or  yi)u  iai»  never  j;aiii 
lus  confulcmc. 

I.   (i.VI  I.A.M). 

Chilli*. t.ilic-.  Miiuh  .-.,  Ksii). 


XIV 


IOWA. 


This  Territory  is  bounded  as  follows,  to  wit: 

Beginning  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Des  Moines,  where  it 
empties  itself  into  the  Mississippi  river;  thence  east,  to  the 
middle  of  the  main  channel  of  the  Mississippi;  thence  up  the 
same,  following  the  main  channel  thereof,  to  LakeWinnepeg; 
thence  north,  to  the  Lake  of  the  Woods,  thence  west,  with  the 
southern  boundary  of  Up])er  Canada,  following  the  parallel 
of  the  49th  degree  of  north  latitude,  to  the  White  Earth  river; 
thence  down  said  river,  with  the  main  channel  thereof,  to  its 
junction  with  the  Missouri  river;  thence  down  the  main  chan- 
nel of  the  Missouri  river,  to  the  north  west  corner  of  the  State 
of  Missouri;  thence  east,  on  the  parallel  of  latitude  which 
passes  through  the  Rapids  of  the  river  Des  Moines,  to  the 
middle  of  the  channel  of  the  Main  Fork  of  the  said  river  Des 
Moines;  thence  down  the  said  river  Des  Moines,  with  the 
main  channel  thereof,  to  the  place  of  beginning. 

From  north  to  south,  this  district  is  little  short  of  600 
miles,  and  its  average  breadth  is  something  more  than  250 
miles;  affording  sufficient  territory  for  three  States  of  ample 
dimensions.  The  whole  extent  of  this  vast  countr)^  abounds 
with  a  fertile  soil,  a  pure  atmosphere  and  excellent  water, 
and,  in  their  several  localities,  are  found  many  of  the  rich 
mineral  deposits  of  die  earth  — the  noisy  cataract  and  the 
gently  flowing  stream,  the  smooth  surface  of  the  limpid  lake 
and  the  turbid  torrent  of  the  Missouri,  the  expansive  prairie 
and  the  almost  endless  variety  of  forest  trees. 

I 


Histiny. 

The  limits  j)rcs(  rihcil  to  llicsc  l)iitl  rciMarks.  on  tlic  J!;i'n- 
iral  cliaractcT  of  Iowa  Territory,  will  only  permit  me,  imcler 
tliis  head,  merely  to  rescue,  from  ij;iiorant  or  envious  neglect, 
the  names  of  a  few  «>!  the  Inst  ai  tnal  scttltis  of  that  set  lion 
of  couiiliy  now  ilenonnnated  Iowa  Territory.  It  is  true  that 
thev  (lid  not  render  themsehes  as  notorious,  cither  hv  their 
turnR>ils  with  each  other,  or  hy  their  inhuman  hrutahties 
towards  the  iiatnes,  as  many  other  settlers  upon  the  Iroiuiers 
ha\  e  (lone.  \\\\{  as  long  as  bcne\ olence  and  hninaiut\ .  nidus- 
tr\  and  enteiprize,  virtue  and  talents,  desene  to  be  remem- 
bered, the  names  of  Russell  Farnham,  Dr.  Samuel  CI.  Muir, 
Joshua  Palen,John  (.onnollv,  Moses  StillweIl,Morrice  Hlon- 
deau,  Andrew  Santamont.  John  (iaines,  Thomas  Brierly  and 
James  White,  should  not  be  forgotten.  These  have  ail  gone 
to  another  world.  They  were  among  the  first  settlers  in  the 
country,  and  each  one  was  both  the  intimate  and  personal 
friend  of  the  writer.  Many  of  them  have  left  indelible  traces 
both  on  the  lace  of  the  country  and  in  the  memory  of  their 
friends.  It  would  seem  that  thus  far  each  individual  who  has 
presumed  to  write  on  this  subject,  has  entertained  an  idea, 
that  nothing  deserving  of  notice  had  occurred  in  Iowa  until  he 
himself  :xrv\\it(\.  The  above-named  Morrice  Blondeau,  a  hall- 
breed  of  the  Sauk  Indians,  opened  the  first  farm,  enclosing 
his  field  \N  ith  a  l(jg  wall,  (Jii  the  bank,  of  the  Mississi|)|)i.  and 
the  balance  with  a  worm  fence,  and  caused  it  to  be  j)loughecl 
and  cultivated  in  corn,  in  the  usual  way.  In  the  spring  of  i  S2(), 
the  writer  settled  with  his  lainilv  on  the  bank  ol  the  Missis- 
sipj)i,at  the  upj)er  chain  of  rocks  in  the  Lower  Ilaj)ids,  w  here 
the  village  of  Ahwipetuk  now  stands,  in  Lee  countv,  Iowa. 
About  the  same  Iniie,  Moses  Stillwell  and  ()tis  Reynolds 
erected  buildings  at  the  loot  of  the  I  .o\\  ei  Ra|)ids,  now  i  ailed 
Keokuk.  These  were  the  liisl  iinpnjvements  made  b\  while 
persons,  as  actual  settlers,  in  Iowa   Territory;  and  they  were 


confined  to  that  part  of  (lie  j)rc.scnt  coiiiitv  of  Ixc  wliicli  is 
known  as  the  SaiiL  and  l'\)x  I  laH-lincd  Reservation,  situate 
hetween  tlic  rivers  Des  Moines  and  Mississij)j)i.  And  not 
until  the  month  of  June,  in  the  year  i.Sj'j  were  the  cili/ens  <jf 
the  United  States  j)erinitted  U)  enter  uj)on  any  other  part  of 
the  territoiy.  Still,  however,  several  persons  attcmj)ted  to  lo- 
cate at  Fort  Madison,  Idint  llill  (Burlington,)  Duhu(jue,  and 
at  other  j)oints  on  the  west  hank  of  the  Mississippi,  during 
the  Fall  and  winter  of  i8j2,  but  they  were  removed  by  a 
military  force,  in  obedience  to  an  order  from  the  Secretary 
of  War,  as  intruders  upon  the  Indians'  land.  They  were  not, 
however,  to  be  thus  easily  diverted  from  their  purpose;  for 
no  sooner  had  the  troops  retired,  than  they  were  found  re- 
suming their  labors. 

From  that  period  to  this,  the  rush  of  immigration  to  Iowa, 
has  greatly  exceeded  any  thing  of  the  kind  heretofore  experi- 
enced in  any  other  part  of  the  United  States.  In  the  year  1832, 
the  whole  white  population  did  not  exceed  fifty  persons,  and 
in  November,  1839,  Gov.  Lucas  says,  in  his  Message  to  die 
Legislative  Assembly  of  Iowa,  that  "the  present  population 
may  be  safely  set  down  at  FIFTY  THOUSAND!"  This  cir- 
cumstance, alone,  is  a  conclusive  argument  that  Iowa  is  a 
desirable  countiy. 

Character  of  the  Population. 

It  cannot  have  escaped  the  observation  of  those  acquainted 
with  the  early  history  of  the  Western  countiy,  diat  the  first 
settlements  of  the  Ohio  Valley  were  attended  by  circum- 
stances widely  different  from  those  of  the  present  day,  in  Iowa. 
In  the  early  settlement  of  the  former,  when  most  of  the  lux- 
uries and  many  of  the  necessary  comforts  of  life  were  only 
obtained  by  transportation  across  the  mountains  on  pack- 
horses,  and  at  great  expense;  the  emigrants  soon  learned,  by 
necessity,  to  change  many  of  their  former  habits  and  modes 
of  living,  and  to  conform,  in  these  matters,  to  the  dictates  of 

3 


ccom>inv  or  nccfssitv.  I'lit-  taicl\  jjio^icss  oI  iinj)r()\  tiiKiil 
ill  a  ilin^f  li)iist,  the  sparse  locations  of  llic  inlial)i(aii(s.  and 
llicir  absolute  exposure  to  a  sa\agc  foe,  all  contnhnud  to 
prt)clnce  a  peculiarity  of  cliarac  ter,  accordnig  with  the  sni- 
rounding  circumstances.  Under  tiiese  circumstances  fannhes 
were  raised,  not  onlv  without  the  advantages  of  a  school  edu- 
cation, l)Ul  the\  were  not  unh  e(|ueiillv  dej)n\ed  e\en  of  tiie 
benefits  of  social  intercourse,  and  hence  contracted  habits, 
and  even  customs,  peculiar  to  themselves.  But  these  causes 
now  no  longer  in  existence,  the  eflec  ts  have  also  ceased.  The 
great  facilities  now  airorded  to  enugralion,  as  well  as  to  com- 
mercial intercourse  in  general,  have  been  productne  of  as 
obvious  changes,  in  the  character  of  the  western  pioneer,  as 
in  any  other  effects  \\  Inch  it  has  produced  in  society.  The 
rapidity  with  which  the  frontier  settlements  are  now  made, 
the  great  facilities  afforded  to  emigrants,  of  carrying  with  them 
all  the  necessaries  and  most  of  the  conveniencies  of  life,  their 
entire  security  from  danger  and  the  density  and  j)roximity  of 
their  settlements,  at  once,  conclusively  j)rove  that  the  char- 
acter of  the  people  of  Iowa  has  nothing  peculiar  in  it  but 
what  has  been  derived  from  other  and  older  sections  of  the 
civilized  world.  Almost  every  State  in  the  Union  and  many 
foreign  countries  are  contributing  to  its  populaUon.  The 
States  of  Ohio,  Pennsylvania  and  New  York,  are  perhaps 
among  the  first  in  affording  the  greatest  immber  of  emigrants; 
while,  at  the  same  time,  the  Northern  States,  together  with 
X'irginia.  Kentuckv.  Tennessee,  alc.  are  also  doing  their  part 
in  furnishing  I(;\\a  with  industrious  and  enterj)risingciti/.ens. 
Hence  an  individual  from  almost  an\  j)ail  of  the  United 
States,  or  in  fact  from  almost  any  part  of  the  civili/ed  world, 
may  find  himself  as  it  were  at  home,  among  natives  of  his 
ONMi  State  or  country,  in  Iowa.  If,  therefore,  any  thing  of  the 
"Mobocralic ,  half-horse  and  half-aligator"  character,  so  fre- 
quently ascribed  to  the-  western  settlers,  can  be  attiibuled  to 
the  citizens  of  bjwa,  we  can  onlv  adniiie  the  sudden  iransi- 


tioii,  In  wliicli  ( ioNcruors,  Senators  and  Representatives,  oi 
older  States,  toj^ellic  i\\  nil  ji^entleuK-n  of  every  class,  from  the 
polite  circles  of  the  most  jiolished  societies,  can  become 
metarnoiphosed  to  a  clan  of'haH-human  westerners.'" 

h  is  trills  to  he  lej^retted,  that  the  \  irj^in  soil  ol  Iowa  has 
ever  heeii  deliled  hy  the  tracks  oi  a  jwlilf  ntohilc,  a  Ijoftidar 
//ihkIiki  or  a  legalized  tliiej,  hut  it  is  (juite  gratifying  that 
neither  the  soil  nor  climate  agrees  with  such  gentry.  Ihey 
ha\  e,  therefore,  found  it  corn  enient  to  make  hut  a  short  stay 
in  the  country;  and,  after  visiting  us,  they  have  generally  taken 
up  their  march  to  the  south,  perhaps  to  Texas. 

Rivers. 

MISSISSIPPI. 

The  pronunciation  of  this  name  in  the  language  of  tlie  Sauk 
Indians  is,  Mis-se  Se-po.  Mis-se  is  an  adjective,  answering  to 
the  Knglish  words,  grandest,  noblest,  chiefest,  or  most  splen- 
did,—and  Se-po,  simply  means  river;  hence,  this  name  in  its 
original  acceptation  signifies,  the  grandest,  the  noblest,  the 
chiefest,  or  the  most  splendid  river.  The  Indians  often  pro- 
nounce this  name  with  the  plural  termination,  uh,  as  Misse 
SepouJi,  that  is,  Chiefest  of  Rivers.  This  truly  majestic  river 
rises  between  the  48th  and  49th  degrees  of  north  latitude,  and 
after  winding  its  course  towards  the  south,  for  the  distance 
of  about  3038  miles,  empties  into  the  Gulph  of  Mexico  in  the 
29th  degree  of  north  latitude.  It  receives  in  its  course,  from 
each  side,  many  beautiful  streams.  At,  and  near  its  source,  are 
found  many  delightful  lakes,  whose  waters  abound  in  fish  and 
fowls,  and  whose  shores  are  lined  with  groves  of  fine  timber. 
Other  lakes  in  this  vicinity,  of  similar  character,  are  likewise 
the  sources  of  the  Red  River  of  the  North:  another  noble 
river  which  rising  in  this  great  valley,  runs  north,  and  dis- 
charges its  waters  into  Hudson's  Bay. 

From  St.  Anthony's  Falls  to  the  head  sources  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi, the  countiy  is  only  now  beginning  to  be  correctlv 

5 


c'xaiiiiiud,  1)V  i  tinij)tlcnt  cn;j,iiucis  iii  tl\i'  stiNuc  of  tlic 
I  iiitcci  Si.ilcs.  riic  Sciri'turvof  \\  ar,  say.s:''\N  Ik  ii  the  lali.  il- 
lation of  llic  ol)Mi\  ations  inadc  tins  sumiiRT  shall  l>f  \\(tikctl 
out,  the  (icj)ailmtiit  will  possess  all  the  iiiatci  lals  iictcssary 
to  c-iiahlc  it  to  coiistnic t  a  j)hysicai  and  topographical  map 
of  tliis  portion  of  our  countrv,  wliich,  added  to  that  already 
in  our  j)ossession.  fioiii  the  same  hand,  ol  the  sources  ol  the 
Mississij)pi  and  North  Red  River,  will  present  at  one  view 
the  vast  countrv  comprehended  between  the  Syth  and  looth 
ilegree  of  longitiule,  and  the  4i)th  and  4yth  degree  of  north 
latitude."' 

MISSOURI. 
This  river  is  called  by  the  Sauks  and  Fox  Indians  in  their 
own  language,  Pc-ka-ton-oke  Scpv;  which  literally  translated 
is,  "River  of  Vortexes,"  or  whirlpools.  It  constitutes  the  al- 
most entire  western  boundary  of  the  Iowa  Termor) ;  and  the 
White  Earth  river,  one  of  its  tributaries,  completes  the  whole 
western  line,  from  the  north  boundarv  of  the  State  of  Mis- 
souri to  the  Canadian  line,  on  the  parallel  of  the  49lh  degree 
of  north  latitude.  The  Missouri  rises  in  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
and  passing  along  the  west  side  of  the  Iowa  Territory  receives 
many  fine  rivers  from  each  side,  and  after  leaving  the  Terri- 
tory of  Iowa,  it  continues  its  course  through  the  most  fertile 
and  interesting  portion  of  the  Slate  of  Missouri,  and  empties 
itself  into  the  Mississippi  about  20  miles  above  the  city  of  St. 
Louis.  The  appearance  of  this  river  is  very  rejnilsive;  the 
muddy  and  filthy  appearance  of  its  water,  the  torrent-like 
current,  the  immense  numbers  of  snags,  sand-bars  and  hilling 
banks,  all  contribute  to  produce  in  the  mind  of  the  beholder, 
feelings  of  an  unpleasant  character.  Steamboats  have  navi- 
gated its  waters  for  some  distance  above  the  mouth  of  the 
Yellow  Stone  river,  which  is  still  in  advance  ol  the  White 
Earth  ri\er.  It  seems  to  be  the  present  j)olicv  of  the  govern- 
ment ol  the  United  States,  to  remo\e  all  (he  Indian  tribes 
within  its  jurisdiction,  to  the  south-west  side  of  the  Missouri 


river;  and  to  sctllc  tluin  tlicic,  under  llit  influence  of  as 
many  ol  the  aits  ol  civilization,  as  tliey  may  be  jnevailed 
upon  to  adopt. 

JACQUES, 

Or  James  river,  rises  in  about  47  degrees  of  North  lati- 
tude, and  running  south,  empties  itself  into  the  Missouri,  in 
latitude  43.  This  river  is  said  to  afford  an  extensive  and  de- 
lightful valley,  situated  between  the  high  table  lands  and 
the  Missouri  river. 

RED   PIPE  STONE, 

Or  Calumet  river,  sometimes  called  the  Sioux  river,  has 
its  source  also  in  the  Beautiful  Meadows  or  table  lands  which 
separate  it  from  the  St.  Peters.  His  Excellency  Gov.  Lucas, 
of  Iowa,  recommends  as  the  northern  boundary  of  the  con- 
templated new  State  of  Iowa,  the  St.  Peters  river  from  the 
mouth  up  to  the  mouth  of  the  Blue  Earth  river;  thence  up 
the  same,  and  west  to  the  Cactus,  an  eastern  branch  of  the 
Red  Pipe  Stone;  thence  down  the  same  to  its  confluence 
with  the  Missouri  river.  It  is  said,  that  a  great  part  of  the 
country  is  not  surpassed  by  any  lands  in  the  United  States 
as  to  fertility  of  soil.  Being  also  well  watered,  and  interspersed 
with  groves  of  timber. 

ST.  PETERS. 
This  is  a  beautiful  river,  rising,  as  has  been  already  re- 
marked, in  some  small  but  delightful  lakes,  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  south-eastern  slope  of  the  Beautiful  Meadows,  and  sweep- 
ing round  in  a  south-easterly  direction,  to  its  southermost 
bend  about  the  Swan  Lakes,  it  changes  its  course  to  a  north- 
east direction,  and  empties  itself  into  the  Mississippi  at  Fort 
Snelling.  This  river,  as  well  as  its  tributaries,  abounds  with 
water  power.  And  at  no  very  remote  period  of  time  will 
doubdess  be  connected  with  the  river  Des  Moines  by  a  canal. 

DES  MOINES. 
This  name  was  given  to  this  stream  by  the  French  traders, 

7 


and  is  iiilciprctccl  '"  I'lic  MoiiLs"  Ri\cr."  IIk-  Iiuluiii  iKimc, 
however,  is  "Kc-()-sliaN\-(|u.i:"  die  origin  of  uIik  li  thcv  ac- 
count foi.  as  follows,  to  w  It:  1  iitv  say,  tliat  wluii  tiuii  aiiecs- 
tors  first  cxj)lorccl  tliis  couutrv,  tlicv  fouiul,  rcsidinji;  on  llic 
l)ank.  of  this  river,  an  ohi  man  without  family  or  human  com- 
panion, and  lliat  Ids  name  was  Ke-o-sliaw-(|ua;  hence  tliey 
called  it  K.eoshawc|ua's  n\er.  '\\\v  irencli  seem  also  to  lia\e 
iuiil  a  N  iew  to  the  same  circumstance,  when  regarding;  this 
loiielv  iidial)itant  as  a  recluse,  thev  named  it  (La  riviere  Des 
Moines,)  or  "I'he  river  of  the  Monks.'"  It  is  about  400  nnles 
in  length,  and  averages  about  300  yards  in  width.  Its  head 
waters  interlock  \\  uh  blanches  of  tiie  St.  Peters,  and  ni  its 
course  it  passes  diagonally  through  the  neutral  ground,  and 
receiving  the  Raccoon  river  and  many  other  fine  tributary 
streams,  it  continues  its  course  through  the  centre  cjf  that 
district  of  country,  of  which  the  new  State  of  Iowa  must  soon 
be  formed.  Its  waters  are  transparent,  and  its  current  swift 
and  shallow;  it  abounds  in  fish,  and  springs  of  excellent  water 
are  in  many  places  found  in  great  profusion  along  its  shores. 
The  bottom  lands  are  not  very  extensive,  except  in  some 
places,  but  they  are  of  a  rich  alluvial  soil,  covered  generally 
with  a  heavy  growth  of  forest  trees,  such  as  black  and  white 
walnut,  hackberrv,  sugar  tree,  cherry,  locust,  mulberry,  coflee 
nut,  some  buckeye,  and  all  the  varieties  of  oak,  &c.  Upon 
the  banks  of  tills  river  are  already  situated  the  flourishing 
towns  of  St.  Francisville,in  Missouri,  Farmington,\'aii  Huren, 
R(jchester,  Ix'xington,  Bentonsport  and  many  others,  all  now 
rapidly  improving.  Its  shores  are  also  lined  with  beautiful 
farms  as  high  up  as  to  the  Indian  Agency,  above  which  the 
while  peoj)le  are  not  vet  j)iiniilti(l  lo  settle.  Iron  ore  and 
stone  coal  have  been  found  in  abundance  in  every  part  of 
this  countrv'  w  here  they  ha\  e  been  searched  for.  Ihere  is  no 
doubt  that  lead  ore  will  be  discoxered  ni  great  (jiiantities  on 
the  neutral  ground,  as  soon  as  that  disti  ic  t  (»f  c oiinliy  is  sub- 
jected to  a  pio|)(i  exaiiim.itioii. 


The  Des  Moines,  IVom  the  .p).].\'  of)"  ol  nortli  latitude,  to 
its  confluence  with  tlie  Missis,sij)j)i.  constitutes  the  hounclary 
hne  between  the  State  of  Missouri  and  the  territory  of  Iowa; 
and  between  this  section  of  the  same  and  the  Mississijjpi,  is 
situated  that  tract  of  huid  known  as  the  Sauk  and  I'Ox  half 
breed  reservation.  This  is  the  southern  extremity  of  Iowa 
Territory,  and  occupying  the  lower  rapids  of  the  Mississippi, 
where  water  power  to  any  extent  can  be  obtained:  to  which 
might  be  enumerated  many  other  local  advantages,  which 
cannot  fail  to  make  this  one  of  the  most  promising  situations 
on  the  Mississippi  river. 

In  passing  up  the  river  Des  Moines,  above  the  Indian 
Agency,  we  are  in  a  district  of  country  which  still  belongs  to 
the  Sauks  and  Foxes  but  which  it  is  presumed  the  United 
States  will  soon  purchase  from  them.  This  tract,  together 
with  the  neutral  ground,  is  a  most  desirable  section  of  Iowa, 
not  only  on  account  of  the  fertility  of  the  soil,  the  timber,  the 
water  power  and  its  mmeral  productions,  but  also  on  account 
of  the  centrahty  of  its  location,  in  reference  to  the  contem- 
plated boundaries  of  a  new  State. 

SHECAQUA,  OR   SKUNK  RIVER. 

This  river  is  about  150  yards  wide  and  probably  200  miles 
in  length;  it  is  already  thickly  setded  with  an  industrious  and 
improving  population.  There  are  also  several  flourishing 
towns  and  villages  on  its  banks,  together  with  some  fine  mills. 
The  soil  is  fertile,  and  the  timber  in  many  places  is  both 
abundant  and  of  a  good  quality.  This  river  empties  into  the 
Mississippi  about  8  miles  below  Burlington,  and  12  above 
Fort  Madison. 

FLINT  CREEK, 

Is  a  valuable  little  stream,  on  account  of  the  excellent 
water  powers  which  it  aflibrds.  It  empties  itself  into  the  Mis- 
sissippi, a  short  distance  above  Burlington. 

LOWER  IOWA   RIVER. 
This  stream  is  called  by  the  Indians  in  the  Sauk  language, 

9 


.\u/iu-tc-s(tk'a-H(i\,  wliicli  si;j;iulics  a  vm/7///^  linjjdlo  hull:  it 
is  about  '200  vartis  wide,  arul  |)crlia|»s  'joo  miles  long,  a  iltc p 
clianiiil  ami  sttoiijj;  luiitiit:  its  Ixiitoms.  wlmh  arc-  |)I1iki- 
nally  j)rairic  fnnn  tlic  luoiitli  up  loi  tlit-  ilistancc  ol  io  miles, 
arc  not  cxccllctl  in  iK'aiUy,  i'lrtilily  of  soil  and  romantic  sccn- 
crv  l)v  anv  other  juut  of  the  western  country.  The  principal 
tributaries  to  this  beautilul  river,  are  the  Red  Cedar  and  the 
English  rivers:  the  former  from  the  north-east,  and  the  latter 
from  the  south-west  sides.  On  the  banks  of  it  are  situated 
several  llourishiii};  towns,  among  w  Inch  is  Wapalaw ,  the  seal 
of  justice  of  Louisa  County,  situate  about  15  miles  from  its 
inoulii:  and  still  higher  up.  j)eiha|)s  100  miles  Irom  the 
mouth,  Iowa  City  has  been  located  by  authority  as  the  per- 
manent Territorial  seat  of  Government.  The  several  coimties 
through  which  this  river  and  its  branches  pass  are  rapidly 
improving;  Cedar  County  is  especially  a  delightful  district. 

WA-PE-SK-PIN-E-KA, 

Or  }V/ii((  Mimrt/l  river,  is  also  a  line  stream,  abounding 
with  water  power  and  a  good  soil.  This  is  regarded  as  the 
commencement  of  the  mineral  region,  in  ascending  the  Mis- 
sissippi. 

MACOQUETA. 

This  stream  is  j)rincipally  celebrated  for  its  cascades  and 
mill  privileges,  though  it  also  afiords  much  excellent  farm- 
ing land  and  some  valuable  mineral  deposits.  The  settlement 
of  this  district  of  the  countr)'  is  also  rapidly  progressing. 

Tl'RKEY  RIVER, 
Or  l\ii-f-ah,  is  a  very  pleasant  little  stream,  abounding 
with  gooti  timber  and  a  rich  soil;  the  white  population  as 
vet  is  rather  sparse.  From  this,  following  uj)  the  Mississi|)|)i, 
we  first  meet  with  ^'ellow  river,  a  small  stream  upon  w  Inch 
a  part  of  the  Winnebago  Indians  reside,  having  a  school  and 
some  fai  ms. 

TheiK  e  passing  Paint  Creek,  we  arrive  at  the 
10 


IIF'TRR  IOWA  KI  VKK. 
rius  IS  a  C()n.si(ltial)lc  sdc-iiiii.  l)iit  riol  yet  iriliiihittd  hv 
white  people;  it  is  tlie  jjoitit  at  wliicli  llie  neutral  j;^roiiricJ 
coiiHiieiices  on  the  west  hank  of  the  Mississippi;  thence  to 
the  Red  (leclar;  thence  to  the  Des  Moines;  thence  to  the  Reel 
Pipe  Stone,  and  ihcnce  l(j  the  Missouri  river;  heing  a  hell  of 
country  40  miles  in  width.  A  few  miles  ahove  the  mouth  of 
this  ri\er,  and  on  the  opposite  hank  of  the  Mississij)j)i  is  the 
mouth  of  the  "liad-A\e  Creek,"  noted  mainly  on  account  of 
the  inhuman  hutchery  of  a  large  nuinher  of  Indian  women, 
children  and  helpless  old  men  of  the  Sauk  nation,  at  the 
conclusion  of  the  late  celehiated  ''Black  Hawk  war," 

Root  river,  River  of  the  Mountains,  White  Wolf  or  Can- 
non river,  and  many  other  smaller  streams  empty  themselves 
into  the  Mississippi  from  the  western  shore.  The  River  of 
the  Mountains  is  celebrated  for  its  ancient  mounds  or  tumuli 
which  are  found  uj)on  its  banks;  and  the  White  Wolf  or  Can- 
non river  is  noted  for  its  water  power.  This  is  all,  however, 
still  an  uninhabited  wilderness,  except  a  settlement  of  prin- 
cipally half  breeds  of  the  Sioux  nation  of  Indians,  who  are 
located  on  a  valuable  reser\'ation  of  land,  situated  on  the 
shore  of  Lake  Pepin;  to  which  may  be  added,  a  few  Mission- 
ary establishments  at  different  points.  It  is  now  in  contem- 
plation to  purchase  from  the  natives,  the  entire  district  of 
countiy  south  of  the  St.  Peters,  out  of  which  it  is  proposed 
to  form  the  new  State  of  Iowa. 

The  Beautiful  Meadozcs. 

This  is  that  extensive  elevation  of  rich  and  fertile  table 
land  which  separates  the  \  alleys  of  the  Jacques  or  James,  and 
the  Red  river  of  the  North.  ''This  is  represented  to  be  a  coun- 
try of  surpassing  fertility  and  beauty.  The  slope  rises  to  a 
fine  table  land,  about  nineteen  hundred  feet  above  the  surface 
of  the  sea,  and  is  watered  by  frequent  streams  abounding  in 
fish,  that,  after  swelling  two  small  lakes,  form  at  their  conflu- 

11 


CIRC  llic  river  St.  IVtcis.  The  soil  is  \  i  rv  luli.  aiul  would 
sui)i)i)il  a  mmicrous  pojuilatum,  that  would  ciijoy  the  advan- 
tages <A  inlKihitin;^  one  ot  ihc  most  hcautihil  and  healthy 
rcj!;ii)iis  ol  the  far  nortli-wcst/'  (Sec  Report  of  the  Secretary 
of  W  ar.)  Tliis  tract  of  country  is  of  j;rcat  extent;  it  rises  in 
the  \icinity  of  the  UcviPs  lake,  and  extends  to  the  neiji;hhor- 
hood  of  the  sources  of  the  Dcs  Moines  and  Rcii  l*i])e  Stone 
rivers.  Tlie  whole  exteiil  of  it  is  skirted  and  interspcised  vvilli 
groves  (^f  the  finest  woods.  It  is  ahcady  rccommcncfcd  to  the 
general  Government,  to  purchase  diis  region  (ji  country,  from 
the  natives  who  now  roam  over  it,  and  occasionally  fish  and 
hunt  upon  it.  But  it  is  mostly  used  at  j)resent,  as  a  hunting 
ground  by  the  Hudson  Bay  traders,  and  the  half  breeds  in 
their  employ,  who  procure  large  siijjj)lies  of  Buflalo  flesh  in 
this  district,  and,  after  drying  the  same,  carry  it  to  their  resi- 
dences on  the  Assinaboin,  Pembina,  Red  river,  Hudson's 
bay,  &:c.  for  their  own  subsistence  — of  which  complaints  have 
already  been  made  to  our  Government;  but  it  is  probable 
that  these  matters  will  not  attract  much  attention,  until  that 
section  of  the  country  shall  begin  to  be  settled  by  American 
citizens. 

Lakes. 

DEVIL'S  LAKE. 
This  lake  is  situated  between  the  48th  and  49th  degrees 
of  north  latitude  as  ajjpears  from  the  latest  observation.  It  is 
ascertained  to  be  about  40  or  45  miles  long,  ami  in  some 
places  about  half  that  w  idth:  its  shores  are  well  timbered,  and 
its  waters,  which  abound  with  excellent  fish,  are  as  salt  as 
those  of  the  ocean.  It  is  intersj)ersed  with  numerous  islands, 
which  are  likewise  covered  with  woods.  ''These  physical 
characteristics  are  common  to  several  other  smaller  lakes 
which  are  found  in  this  region  of  country,  where  salt  is  so 
abundant,  that  in  many  places  it  eflloresces  on  the  surface  of 
the  eaith.''  (See  Re|)ort  of  the  Secretary  of  War.  lS:J9.) 

12 


LAKK    TKAVFJISK, 
Is  tlif  soiitlici  II  soiiicc  of  till'  Red  nvcr  of  the  Norlli,  and 
as  well  as  the 

BIG  STONE  LAKE, 
Which  is  the  source  of  the  St.  Peters  river,  is  situated  iiniue- 
diately  in  tiie  vicinity  of  those  delightful  table  lands,  called 
the  "Beautiful  Meadows."  These  lakes  have  been  long  known 
as  important  trading  posts,  and  have  been  occupied  alter- 
nately by  different  Indian  traders  for  many  years. 

THE  SWAN  LAKES. 
These  are  a  cluster  of  small  lakes,  on  the  north  side  of  the 
St.  Peters  river,  and  about  a  hundred  miles  south  and  west 
of  Fort  Snelling,  near  the  extreme  southern  bend  of  said 
river.  These  are  said  to  be  beautiful  sheets  of  water,  sur- 
rounded by  a  pleasant  countiy.  This  is  tiie  point  at  vvliich  the 
river  Des  Moines  will  probably  be  connected  with  the  St. 
Peters,  at  no  very  distant  day. 

Indians. 

SAUKS  AND  FOXES. 
These  Indians  occupy  the  country  embracing  the  head 
waters  of  Grand,  Chariton,  Little  Platte,  &c.  of  the  Missouri, 
on  the  south,  and  extending  north,  from  the  boundary  line 
of  the  State  of  Missouri  to  the  neutral  ground,  embraces  the 
Des  Moines,  Shecauque,  or  Skunk,  Iowa  and  Red  Cedar 
rivers.  These  people  are  divided  into  five  general  divisions — 
three  on  the  Des  Moines  river,  a  short  distance  above  the 
present  white  settlements,  one  on  the  Missouri,  and  one  on 
the  Iowa  rivers.  From  the  late  report  of  Gen.  J.  M.  Street,  U. 
S.  Indian  Agent  for  the  Sauks  and  Foxes,  to  His  Excellency 
R.  Lucas,  Governor  of  Iowa,  he  estimates  their  population, 
exclusive  of  those  on  the  Missouri  river,  at  4396  souls,  '^in- 
habiting a  fertile  and  well  watered  countiy."  ''Two  sections 
of  land  and  four  mills  have  been  added  to  their  improvements 
since  last  year.  The  mills  on  Soap  creek  are  calculated  to  do 

13 


u  hue  hiiMiicss,  ami  arc  .si>  near  llif  .scttUiiitiils  thai  llic  hiisi- 
iic'ss  will  he  thronged,  as  it  is  tlic  only  mill  for  50  milts  that 
lias  w  atci  to  1  nil  tins  siimim  r.  Sawing  to  aiiv  aiiioimt  (  an  !»«.• 
clone  ihcre,  and  niucli  lumber  is  wanteil  111  ttie  acljouung 
countn'.  The  other  mill  at  the  Indian  town,  though  also 
nearly  toni|)leted.  is  not  as  fortunately  situated  as  to  water: 
I  apprehend  it  will  only  operate  about  fl\e  or  six  months  in 
each  year.  At  the  St)ap  creek  mills  there  will  be  required  at 
least  two  hands  to  cut  and  haul  lo^s  and  to  attend  the  saw 
mill,  while  the  miller  (Samuel  Smith)  will  be  attending  the 
grist-mill.  At  the  Indian  towns  on  the  Des  Moines,  I  haye 
had  three  fields  broke  up  and  substantially  fenced,  and  at  the 
desire  of  the  Indians  haye  had  100  bushels  of  wheat  sowed 
on  the  farms."  Gen.  Street  continues:  ''.^t  the  nulls  near  the 
Indian  tow  ns,  I  haye  apj)ointed  Jeremiah  Smith,  the  miller. 
I  j)resuiiie  the  field  of  640  acres  on  the  Iowa  w  ill  be  ready  for 
delivery  oyer  in  15  or  20  days.  When  that  is  completed,  the 
Sauks  and  Foxes  will  haye  four  fields  broke  and  fenced,  on 
the  Iowa  and  Des  Moines,  and  be  prej)ared  to  farm  to  a  con- 
siderable extent.  These  Indians  haye  the  most  flattering  pros- 
pects of  doing  well  and  living  happy,"  &c. 

Gov.  Lucas,  in  his  report  to  the  Commissioner  of  Indian 
Affairs,  says:  "There  has  not  as  vet  been  a  school  or  a  mis- 
sionary established  among  these  Indians,  and  I  am  satisfied, 
from  personal  observation,  that  there  are  no  people  more 
susceptible  of  improvement  than  they  are."  The  same  causes 
which  Go\ .  Dodge  of  \\  isconsin  alludes  to  in  these  words, 
viz:  ''The  benevolent  designs  of  government  towards  the  In- 
dians can  never  be  consummated  until  the  power  and  influ- 
ence i)[  the  traders  are  counteracted,"  may  account  for  the 
absence  of  schools  and  missionaries  among  the  people,  as 
well  as  for  their  general  degradation.  As  long  as  ii'/iiskt'\-scll- 
ing  allieists,  are  permitted  U)  exercise  a  controlling  inlliunce 
over  these  people,  both  the  officers  of  the  Government  and 
philanthro|jists  \m1I  be  einbairasscd.  in  the  discharge  of  their 
duties  towards  them. 

14 


[I'Voin  Major  Taliafcrio,  A^ciit  at  St.  I\i(is.] 
VVAIIPAAKOOTAS. 
This  ill-fated  tribe,  from  beiiij^  once  warlike  and  a  terror 
to  their  enemies,  have,  since  1812,  nearly  been  exterminated. 
Many  have  been  cut  ofTbv  marauding;  j)arties  <^f  the  Sauks  and 
Foxes,  besides  those  who  ieli  in  battle.  1  his  state  of  things, 
in  connexion  with  the  small-pox,  has  left  but  325,  and  they 
are  wendinj^  their  way  to  iheir  destiny  with  rapid  strides. 
This  tribe,  in  conjunction  with  the  South  Yanetons  of  the 
river  l)es  Moines,  once  held  nearly  all  the  sf)il  comprising  tlie 
beautiful  terrilon  of  Iowa.  It  was  taken  from  them  by  con- 
quest, by  the  Sauks  and  Foxes,  and  a  part  of  it  has  now  fell 
into  the  hands  of  our  Government.  Continually  harrassed  by 
dieir  old  enemies,  the  Sauks  and  Foxes,  they  can  raise  no 
corn,  although  they  inhabit  a  beautiful  country,  from  the 
head  waters  of  the  Des  Moines  to  the  Cannon  rivers,  the 
Mixed  Lakes  and  on  the  Blue  Earth  river.  Water  power 
abounds  in  this  portion  of  the  country.  These  people  claim 
an  equal  right  in  the  (dmed  pipe  stone  quarry,  on  the  Red  Pipe 
Stone  river,  with  the  Susseeton  Sioux. 

SOUTH  SUSSEETONS. 
These  also,  from  a  formidable  people,  have  become  re- 
duced to  276,  by  migrations  and  wars  with  the  Sauks  and 
Foxes.  Thev  now  reside  on  the  Lizzard  river,  about  the  Swan 
lakes,  and  on  the  St.  Peters,  about  100  miles  from  its  mouth. 
"The  country  claimed  by  this  fractional  band  is  an  interest- 
ing one,  beautiful  to  view,  pretty  well  timbered  and  watered." 
Specimens  of  good  stone  coal  have  been  found  in  this  region. 

NORTH  SUSSEETONS. 
These  people  number  980  persons;  they  raise  but  little  or 
no  corn,  and  follow  the  chase  for  subsistence;  they  roam  from 
Big  Stone  and  Traverse  lakes,  where  they  reside  at  times,  to 
the  country  on  the  Chippeway  border  on  Red  river  of  the 
North.  They  are  at  war  with  the  Chippewas,  but  often  in 
company  with  the  Yanetoiias. 

15 


FAS  r  UAm'Ki:  IONS. 
This  hand  nunil)crs  '325  souls,  and  resides  at  the  "I  iitle 
Rapids'"  ol  the  St.  Peters.  .il)()iil    5^)  or  .jo  miles  hoin   I'orl 
SneUing — diey  are  anxious  to  sell  their  countiy. 

WEST  WAUPEETONS. 
These  nuniher425— are  at  war  with  thc(^liippewas:"raised 
nothing.  l)Ul  depended  uj)on  llie  chase  alone  for  suhsistence, 
until  the  Rev.T.  S.\VilHamson,M.  I).,  and  S.  R.  Riggs,  A.M., 
at  Ren\  ill's  trading  post,  located  among  them.  Since  then, 
a  visihle  change  for  the  hetter  has  hcen  effected.''  They  are 
now  cultivating  the  soil  and  some  of  their  women  have  been 
taught  to  spin,  k.nit  and  weave.  The  general  features  of  the 
country  owned  by  these  people,  which  is  situated  around 
Lake  qui-Parle  on  the  St.  Peters  river,  are  a  fertile  soil  and 
good  water— timber  not  ver\'  abundant. 

^  A.N  K TUN  AS. 
This  is  the  most  numerous  tribe  of  Sioux  in  these  regions, 
and  may  be  estimated  at  about  2150  souls.  They  depend  on 
the  bufllalo,  bodi  for  food  and  clothing  to  a  very-  great  extent. 
They  roam  through  the  countr)'  on  Red  river  of  the  North, 
and  upon  the  wateis  of  the  Missoiui;  and  sometimes  they  rest 
a  season  with  others  at  the  "Devil's  Lake."  Their  country  is 
extensive,  and  abounds  with  lish,  foul  and  buflalo. 

THE  ASSINABOINES, 
Or  Stone  Sioux,  as  they  are  termed,  are  but  little  noticed, 
and  imperfectly  known,  but  are  said  to  number  over  3000 
souls.  They  range  over  the  country  about  "Devils  Lake,"  and 
upon  the  .\ssinaboine  river.  They  someUmes  remove  to  the 
high  lands,  and  resort  to  the  Missouri  for  the  pmposes  of 
trade. 

MEDAVVAKANTONS. 
Maj.  Taliaferro  says,  ""This  tribe  innnbers  exactly   i(>r)'^ 
souls,  484  warriors,  406  women  and  yfiS  ihildrcii.   These  re- 
side in  seven  detached  villages."  They  formerly  resided  east 
16 


of  the  Mississippi,  lull  since:  tlic  treaty  of  cession  oi  iHjy  they 
have  removed  west,  and  are  now  hving  upon  their  country 
in  Iowa  Territory,  which  extends  from  the  "Little  Rapids"  of 
the  St.  Peters  to  the  neutral  grounds,  twenty  miles  above  the 
Upper  Iowa  river.  Ample  provisions  have  been  made  by  the 
government,  for  the  improvement  of  tliese  j^eople;  work  cat- 
tle, horses,  carts,  wagons,  ploughs,  black-smith  shops  and 
other  mechanics  are  furnished  them.  In  the  neighborhood  of 
St.  Anthony's  Falls,  on  Lake  Calhoun,  Mr.  Pond,  the  farmer, 
at  tiiat  point,  reports,  that  under  his  charge  there  was  raised 
this  year  (1839)  2300  bushels  of  corn,  200  bushels  of  pota- 
toes and  other  vegetables.  Mr.  Holton  at  the  Little  Crow  vil- 
lage, reports  1500  bushels  of  corn,  many  potatoes,  &c.  It  is 
ascertained  that  over  6000  bushels  of  corn  have  been  har- 
vested this  year.  ''The  general  features  of  die  country  of 
this  particular  tribe  are  level,  with  undulating  rolling  prairie 
lands,  interspersed  with  ravines  and  valleys,  as  you  approach 
die  Mississippi  from  inland.  It  is  well  watered;  having  the 
Crow,  St.  Peters,  Cannon,  Racine,  Disembarrass  and  numer- 
ous othersmall  streams  passing  through  it."  Lead  ore  is  found 
on  the  half-breed  Reservation  on  Lake  Pepin.  The  present 
prospects  of  these  people  are  quite  flattering. 

CHIPPEWAS. 
These  people  have  a  village  at  Leech  Lake,  which  contains 
a  population  of  820  souls.  A  second  at  Red  Lake  containing 
290,  making  the  Chippewa  populadon  in  lowaTerritory  1110 
persons,  besides  those  who  are  continually  passing  and  re- 
passing to  and  from  Wisconsin  Territoiy  and  Upper  Canada. 

WINNEBAGOES. 
Win-o-shiek's  band  of  the  Winnebagoes  reside  on  the  Up- 
per Iowa  river.  The  band  of  Two  Shillings,  at  the  Winnebago 
school,  on  Yellow  river;  the  united  bands  of  the  Little  Priest 
and  Whirling  Thunder,  at  a  new  farm  recendy  opened  for 
them  fifteen  miles  west  of  the  school.  The  bands  under  Big 

17 


Canoe  and  liis  brother  Wali-con,  arc  residing  on  Hlai  k.  river 
and  in  its  vicinity,  on  tlu-  Missis.sij)j)i.  in  Wisconsin  IVrritory. 
Likewise,  the  hands  htl()n;j,iii;j,  to  \  illow  'rinmdir.  ( ..iiama- 
mc,  Dandv.  Little  Solther.  Decory  and  Bij;  Utad.  all  reside 
at  i)resent  in  \\  isionsin,  hut  are  under  treaty  stij)ulalions  to 
remove  west  of  the  Mississippi  river.  Nothing  very  definite 
can  he  said  of  the  nuniher  of  these  j)cople,  as  the  head  of  each 
family  w  ishes  to  make  his  number  as  large  as  possible,  know- 
ing that  he  draws  money  or  goods  in  proportion  to  the  num- 
ber of  the  inmates  of  his  lodge.  Maj.  Boyd,  estimated  the  Win- 
nebagoes  at  5000  souls:  and  we  have  no  authority  to  say  that 
this  is  incorrect,  but  it  is  thought  to  i^e  full  large. 

Beasts. 

The  Buffalo  is  found  in  abundance  on  Red  Pipe  Stone, 
Jacques  or  James,  St.  Peters  and  Red  rivers;  they  conUnually 
recede  before  the  white  population,  and  are  now  only  occa- 
sionally found  on  the  head  waters  of  the  river  Des  Moines 
and  Lower  Iowa. 

Elk  are  frequently  found  much  nearer  the  white  settle- 
ments, and,  occasionally,  even  in  the  linuLs  of  the  present 
settlements. 

Deer  are  not  very  abundant,  being  hunted  out  l)v  the  na- 
tives; still,  however,  there  are  many  hundreds  of  them  killed 
yearly. 

Bears  are  scarce,  but  the  Indians  succeed  every  winter  in 
obtaining  more  or  less  of  these  animals,  as  aj)pears  from  the 
skins  which  they  bring  to  the  traders. 

Raccoons  are  in  great  abundance  in  every  district  ol  tnn- 
bered  counlrv',  and  more  especially  along  the  water  courses. 
Thev  constitute  the  pork  of  the  Indian. 

Sijuirrels.  The  common  grey  s(juirrels  are  found  plenti- 
fully in  the  wocxls,  with  a  few  scattering  fo.\  squirrels,  but  no 
black  ones,  however,  during  fourteen  years  residence  and 
rdiiiblMiv  HI  that  (ouMtrv.  1  have  not  seen  one.  neillier  Imnc  I 
18 


discovered  the  singular  j)lieiioiiieii<)n  ol  iiugialion  and  emi- 
gration, j)rofusion  and  scarcity,  of  these  httle  arnnials,  which 
are  so  remarkable  in  the  early  settlement  ol  die  Ohio  valley. 

The  Panther  is  rarely  seen  in  the  country;  their  skins  are 
to  be  found  sonietinies  among  the  Indians,  but  I  have  not 
seen  the  animal  alive  in  this  country.  Wild  cats  are  more  fre- 
quently seen,  but  they  are  not  by  any  means  numerous. 

The  Wolf.  There  are  a  few  of  the  large  black  wolves,  and 
some  grev,  but  the  most  numerous  of  this  class  of  animals  are 
the  Prairie  wolf,  which  is  something  abo\  e  the  size  of  the  fox. 
These  animals  have  not  yet  proved  troublesome  to  any  ex- 
tent to  the  farmers;  and  probably  never  can,  as  the  country  is 
not  adapted  to  their  security,  against  the  search  of  the  hunter 
— having  to  burrow  in  the  earth,  in  certain  elevations  of  the 
prairie,  they  are  readily  found  and  easily  destroyed.  Many  of 
those  animals  which  have  been  so  industriously  destroyed 
for  their  skins,  as  the  beaver,  the  otter,  the  musk-rat,  the  mink, 
&c.,  are  becoming  scarce;  the  beaver  may  be  said  to  be  almost 
extinct,  while  but  few  of  the  otter  remain.  It  is  true  that  the 
musk-rat  abounds  in  great  plenty  in  some  places,  and  they 
are  said  to  be  found  in  the  greatest  abundance  about  the 
sources  of  the  Raccoon  river. 

Rabbits  are  found  in  the  settled  parts  of  the  country;  and 
rats  are  continually  arriving,  with  almost  every  accession  to 
our  white  population,  though  it  is  clear  that  they  are  not  na- 
tives of  the  country.  The  oppossum,  the  pole-cat  or  skunk, 
the  hedge-hog  or  porcupine,  and  the  ground-hog,  are  sever- 
ally to  be  found  in  this  country. 

Serpents. 

These  reptiles  are  not  numerous  in  this  country',  but  there 
are  a  few  of  the  large  yellow-pied  rattle-snakes,  and  sdll  more 
frequently  the  little  venomous  prairie  ratde-snake  is  heard, 
whizzing  about  the  traveller's  feet  in  passing  through  the 
prairies.  There   are  also  the  bull-snake,  the  black  snake, 

19 


the  moccasin-snakc,  tlic  j^artcr-snukc  ami  a  variety  of  water 
snakes,  wliieli  are  occasionally  met  willi  in  the  clin'ereut  sec- 
tions oi  this  country,  none  ol  w  hich  are  poisonous  except 
the  uioctasni. 

Birds. 

The  groves  in  all  this  vast  region  of  country,  are  enlivened 
with  the  morning  matins  and  evening  vespers  of  a  great  vari- 
etv  of  singing  huds. 

The  wild  turkey,  which  was  so  abundant  on  the  Ohio  in 
earlv  times,  is  but  rarely  found  in  Iowa:  I  Iki\  c.  however, seen 
large  flocks  of  them  on  the  river  Des  Moines,  more  frequently 
than  in  anv  other  part  of  the  country. 

The  prairie  hen  obtains  in  the  greatest  abundance,  and 
more  especially  in  the  vicinity  of  the  white  jiopulation. 
Quails  are  also  numerous,  but  the  j)heasant  is  rarely  seen. 
Swans,  geese,  brants,  and  an  almost  endless  variety  of  ducks 
are  in  the  greatest  abundance  along  the  rivers,  upon  the  lakes, 
and  not  unfrecjuently  uj)on  the  prairies. 

Pehcans.  These  singular  fowls,  in  the  early  part  of  autumn, 
often  whiten  the  sand  bars  of  the  rivers  and  lakes— hundreds 
of  them,  on  dieir  passage  to  a  southern  latitude,  alight  to- 
gether on  a  sand  bar  or  island,  and  give  it  the  aj)pearance  of 
a  bank  of  snow. 

llie  crow  and  the  black  bird  arc  sufficiently  numerous  to 
be  at  times  troublesome  to  the  farmers. 

Bald  Eagles  are  c|uitc  common,  while  the  grey  eagle  is 
scarcely  ever  seen.  Buzzards  and  ravens  are  also  frequently 
seen. 

Doves  and  pigeons,  a  great  variety  of  woodpeckers,  and  a 
few  of  the  real  woodcock  genus,  of  a  large  size,  are  found  iti 
the  country. 

The  little  hunmiing-bird  is  likewise  often  seen,  examining 
the  llowers  for  his  food. 

The  Ixjnev  bee  is  doubtless  a  native  ol  this  region:— they 

2U 


are  found  in  llic  ^icatcsl  aljinidaiicc,  as  \vc  a(l\ancc  beyond 
the  white  population. 

Wild  Fruits. 

The  earhest  fruit,  which  ripes  in  the  last  of  May  or  first  of 
June,  is  tlic  strawberry.  It  grows  in  barren  land,  or  adjoining 
the  timber  in  prairies,  and  often  on  the  second  l)()ttoms,  which 
are  of  a  sandy  soil.  This  fruit  is  of  an  excellent  flavor,  and  in 
some  seasons  can  be  obtained  in  almost  any  quantity. 

Blackberries  grow  plentifully,  in  those  places  where  the 
timber  has  been  either  cut  down  by  the  hand  of  man,  or  where 
it  has  been  prostrated  by  hurricanes;  these  are  also  a  very 
pleasant  berry,  but  not  so  delicious  as  the  strawberry. 

Raspberries  are  not  as  plentiful  as  the  foregoing,  but  they 
are  very  common  in  the  country. 

Gooseberries  are  in  many  places  in  the  greatest  abundance, 
and  of  the  best  quality;  they  are  large  and  smooth  and  of  an 
excellent  taste. 

Plums  abound  in  a  great  variety  of  size,  color  and  flavor, 
and  grow  on  trees  or  bushes  in  a  variety  of  soils,  some  of 
them  are  of  an  excellent  flavor. 

Crab  apples  are  found  plentifully  about  the  head  of  water 
courses  in  the  edges  of  the  prairies,  they  are  very  large  and 
make  excellent  preserves,  having  a  fragrant  smell  and  a  fine 
golden  color.  Several  varieties  of  hickory  nuts,  the  black  wal- 
nut, the  butter  nut,  the  hazel  nut  and  the  pecan,  are  plenty 
in  many  places. 

Grapes.  Both  summer  and  winter  grapes,  and  of  several 
varieties,  both  in  size  and  flavor  are  found  in  the  country. 
Wild  cherries,  the  black  haw,  the  red  haw  and  the  paw-paw, 
are  also  found  here. 

Cranberries  grow  in  the  greatest  abundance  in  the  north- 
ern parts  of  this  Territory,  and  are  obtained  from  the  Indians 
by  the  traders  in  large  quantities. 


21 


MiliUny  Di fence. 

[Extract  from  llic  Report  of  llic  Ouartcr  Master  General.] 
"If  it  !)(.•  t(>iitcinj)latc(l  to  cstahlisli  posts  on  the  route  siir- 
NCNcil  hctutcM  Foils  LiaNciiswoitli  and  Sncllni^.  I  would 
rccoiniuiiid  tlial  llic  otdniaiA  lojii;  cahnis  and  hlot  k  houses 
ol  the  liontieis  alone  he  eoustiiuted.  and  with  as  little  ex- 
pense as  piat  tieahle.  I  he  natmal  hue  ol  delence  of  tliat  IVori- 
tier  is  the  Missouri  livei  itself;  it  nnis  nearly  paralh  I  with 
tile  Mississippi  through  several  dej:;recs  of  latitude;  and  will 
aflord  the  hest  houndarv  west  loi  the  States  that  must  in  a 
few  years  i)e  found  north  of  tlie  Slate  of  Missouri.  As  to  the 
road.  I  would  reeoinniend  that  neither  nioncv  nor  lahor  he 
expended  upon  it.  1  he  whole  country  is  represented  as  an 
open  j)rairie.  tliat  may  be  traversed  in  all  directions  without 
ditticultv.  Posts  on  the  Missouri,  in  advance  of  Fort  LeaN  en- 
worth,  at  the  mouth  of  Table  creek,  and  at  or  near  the  mouth 
of  Sioux  River."  [Red  Pipe  Stone,]  "with  one  on  the  St. 
Peteis.  would  have  much  greater  influence  over  the  Indians 
between  the  former  river  and  the  Mississipj)i,  tlian  anv  j)ost 
placed  on  the  line  near  the  white  settlements.  To  secure  the 
communication  w ith  Ft)rt  Snelhno;.  barracks  for  two  comj)an- 
ies.  with  good  block  houses,  are  necessary  at  some  interme- 
diate point  between  that  port  and  Prairie  du  Chien;  and  for 
the  security  of  the  extending  settlements  of  Wisconsin,  a  j)ost 
is  recjuired  at  Sandy  lake,  or  some  other  point  in  advance  of 
Fort  Snelhngon  the  Upper  Mississippi;  and  another  at  F(jnd 
du  Lac,  the  south-western  extiemitv  of  Fake  Superior." 

Speech  oj  Black  Ihnvh. 

Made  to  the  Sauk  and  Fox  Indians,  in  the  Spring  of  IH.ll.  on 

receiving  orders  from  the  Indian  Agent  at  Rock  Island, 

to  remove  to  the  west  hank  of  tlie  Mississippi. 

W'akrk^rs:  —  Sixtv  summers  or  more  have  passed  away, 

since  our  fathers  sat  down  here,  w  hile  our  mothers  erected 

then  lodges  at  this  dehghtliil  spot.  I  j)()ii  these  paslures  our 

22 


Iiorscs  ha\c  fattcnccl  lor  iikiiin  sik  tcssivc  suiiiriicrs:  these 
fields,  cultivated  by  the  haruls  of  our  wives  and  daughters, 
have  always  yielded  us  a  plentiful  sujjply  of  corn,  beans, 
scjuaslus,  melons,  &:c.;  and  from  the  slujals  of  these  rivers, 
whose  limpid  waters  here  unite,  our  young  men  have  always 
obtained  the  wanted  abundance  of  excellent  fish.  Here  too, 
you  are  protected  by  the  broad  current  of  the  majestic  river, 
[Mis-se  Se-po,]  from  the  assaults  of  your  old  and  inveterate 
enemy,  the  Shaw-hawk  [Sioux].  Thus  supplied  with  food 
and  protected  from  harm,  our  summers  have  ])assed  away  in 
mirth  and  gladness.  With  what  reluctance  many  of  you  have 
quitted  these  scenes  of  joy  and  pastime,  even  for  one  winter, 
our  j)atrol  can  testify,  who  have  been  charged  with  bringing 
up  the  rear  of  our  encampment,  when  leaving  this  place  in 
the  fall  for  our  wintering  ground.  And  yet  another,  and  still 
stronger  tie  binds  us  to  this  residence  of  our  fathers.  In  these 
little  enclosures,  some  of  wood  and  others  of  stone,  which  we 
see  scattered  all  over  these  plains,  now  rest,  in  undisturbed 
repose,  the  bones  of  our  dearest  relatives,  our  bravest  war- 
riors and  many  of  our  greatest  chiefs  and  orators.  But  alas! 
Warriors,  what  do  I  hear?  The  birds  which  have  long  glad- 
dened these  groves,  with  the  sweet  melody  of  their  notes,  are 
now  singing  a  melancholy  song !  They  say  ''the  red  man  must 
forsake  his  home,  to  make  room  for  the  white  man."  The 
Long-knives  desire  it,  and  must  have  a  new  field  opened  for 
the  exercise  of  their  speculation  and  avarice.  To  accomplish 
which,  the  red  man's  wife  and  daughter  must  now  surrender 
die  litde  piece  of  ground  which  they  had  marked  as  their 
own,  by  many  days  of  labor  and  severe  toil.  Widows !  you 
must  forsake  forever  the  graves  of  your  husbands!  Children ! 
forget  that  you  were  ever  born!  Mothers!  you  shall  no  more 
see  the  sacred  spot  where  the  bones  of  your  children  rest! 
These,  all  these,  you  must  forsake  forever!  And  for  what  rea- 
sons, are  we  told  that  we  must  leave  forever,  our  houses  and 
our  homes — the  land  of  our  nativity  and  the  graves  of  our 

23 


fatlicrs!  Because  tlic  LoM^-kiiives  want  to  live  in  our  houses, 
plant  corn  in  our  llelcis  and  j)lou^li  up  oiu"  j;raves!  Vcs!  they 
wish  to  plant  corn  in  lluse  graves!  and  can  you  refuse  a  re- 
cjuest  at  once  so  modrst,  and  so  reasonable?  They  want  to 
fatten  their  hoj;s  on  the  bodies  of  our  dead,  who  arc  not  yet 
mouldered  in  these  graves!  \N  ill  you  refuse?  We  are  ordered 
to  remove  to  tiie  west  bank,  of  the  Majestic  river;  there  to 
erect  other  houses  and  ojieii  new  fields.  t)f  which  we  shall 
soon  again  be  robbed  by  these  j)ale  faces!  They  tell  us  that  our 
great  father,  the  Chief  of  the  Long-knives,  has  commanded 
us,  his  nd  children,  to  give  this,  our  greatest  town,  our  great- 
est grave-yard  and  our  best  home,  to  his  u'liite  children!  Do 
you  believe  this  story?  I  do  not.  It  cannot  be  true.  We  have 
vagabonds  among  us.  and  so  have  the  Lvng-knivcs  also — ive 
have  even  liars  of  our  own  nation,  and  the  Long-knives,  no 
doubt,  abound  with  such.  The  truth,  therefore,  must  be  this; 
that  a  few  base  and  avaricious  individuals  of  the  Long-knife 
tribe,  who,  in  visiting  the  lead  mines,  or  exploring  the  coun- 
try, have  passed  by  this  place,  and  seeing  this  delightful  spot, 
have  become  enamored  with  it;  have  thought  this  to  be  the 
most  probable  stratagem  which  would  promise  them  success 
in  driving  us  from  our  homes;  that  they  may  seize  upon  our 
town  and  corn  fields.  But  I  repeat  it  again,  it  cannot  be  true 
—  it  is  impossible  that  so  great  a  Chief,  as  the  Chief  of  the 
Long-knives  is  said  to  be,  should  act  so  unjustly,  as  to  drive 
six  thousand  of  those,  whom  he  is  pleased  to  call  his  ''red 
children,''  from  dieir  nadve  homes,  from  die  graves  of  dieir 
ancestors,  and  from  the  scenes  of  the  most  tender  and  sacred 
associations,  (-ompelling  them  to  seek  new  homes,  to  build 
other  houses,  and  to  prepare  new  corn  fields;  and  that,  too, 
in  a  country  where  our  women  and  chihhen  will  be  in  con- 
tiiuial  danger  of  being  murdered  by  our  enemies:  and  all  this 
injustice  is  to  be  done,  and  this  distress  inflicted,  merely  to 
gratify  the  greedy  avarice  of  twenty  or  thirty  persons  of  his 
''u'fiiU  c/nldrrn!''\o\  No!  Our  great  father,  the  Cihief  of  the 

84 


Lon|;-k.iii\  cs,  will  ir\ci  do  tins  LliingI  Siuill  \vc  llicicfcjic 
leave  tliis  home  of  our  lathers,  on  account  of  such  silly  and 
umeasonahle  tales?  No!  I  have  heard  these  same  fahles  every 
s[)riiig,  for  the  last  seven  winters,  that  we  were  to  he  driven 
from  this  place.  You  know  we  have  offered  the  Lonj^-knives 
a  large  tract  of  country  on  the  west  side  of  the  Majestic  river, 
abounding  with  lead,  if  they  would  relinquish  their  unjust 
claim  to  this  little  spot.  We  will  therefore  repair  our  houses, 
which  these  jjale-faccd  vagabonds  ha\  e  torn  down  and  burnt 
through  the  past  winter,  and  we  wdl  plant  our  corn  as  usual; 
and  if  these  white  intruders  annoy  us  we  will  tell  them  to  de- 
part. We  will  offer  them  no  violence,  except  in  self-defence, 
and  even  then,  we  will  only  protect  ourselves  and  our  families 
from  their  dog-like  assaults.  We  will  not  kill  their  cattle  or 
destroy  any  of  dieir  property,  but  then  scufah  ivapo,  (whis- 
key,) we  will  search  for  and  destroy,  by  throwing  it  out  upon 
the  earth,  wherever  we  find  it.  We  know  that  when  men  are 
filled  with  that  liquor,  they  think  that  they  are  very  rich;  per- 
haps if  their  liquor  was  destroyed,  and  they  should  become 
sober,  they  may  not  then  think  that  they  are  owners  of  all  the 
earth!  We  have  asked  permission  of  these  intruders  to  culti- 
vate our  own  fields,  around  which  tJicy  have  erected  wooden 
walls.  They  have  refused,  and  have  even  forbid  us  the  privi- 
lege of  climbing  over.  We  will,  therefore,  throw  down  these 
walls  which  keep  us  from  our  fields.  And  as  these  pale  faces 
seem  unwillingly  to  live  in  the  same  community  with  us,  let 
them,  and  not  us,  depart.  It  was  them,  not  us,  that  sought  the 
connection,  and  when  they  become  tired  of  the  society,  let 
them  seek  such  as  they  like  better.  This  land  is  ours  and  not 
theirs;  we  have  inherited  it  from  our  forefathers — we  have 
never  parted  from  it — we  have  never  sold  it — we  have  never 
forfeited  it — it  is  therefore  ours!  If  some  drunken  dosrs  of  our 
own  people,  assuming  to  be  our  chiefs,  have  sold  lands  to 
the  Long-knives,  which  they  did  not  own,  our  rights  remain 
unimpaired!  We  have  no  chiefs,  no  agents,  no  delegates  who 

25 


arc  authorized  to  sell  our  corn  ficKIs,  our  liouscs,  or  tlic  hones 
of  our  dead!  I  sav  we  have  none— we  cannot  liave  sucli  a 
Chief:  because  the  verv  act  itsell  j)i()\es  him  a  traitor,  and 
woulii  stiip  him  ol  all  oliicial  aiilhoiil\  !  Maii\  of  the  oKl 
braves  who  now  hear  me,  remember  well  the  cruel  acKanla^es 
which  tiie  C'.onnnissionersof  liie  Lon^-Lnives  took,  of  our  dis- 
tressed condition,  at  Portaj!;e  de  Sioux,  at  the  close  of  the  war 
al)out  sixteen  winters  ago,  how  they  there  compelled  us  to 
recognise  a  treaty  which  they  themselves  knew  to  be  a  fraud, 
and  bv  w  hich  they  still  assume  to  claim  even  this  little  tract, 
though  we  have  given  up  to  them  all  the  other  inunense  coun- 
tries on  both  sides  of  this  great  ri\  er,  without  a  murnun.  and 
as  I  have  said  before,  we  have  also  proposed  to  pay  them  for 
this.  The  great  Chief  of  the  Long-knives,  I  believe  is  too  wise 
and  too  good  to  approve  of  such  acts  of  robbery  and  injus- 
tice; though  I  confess.  I  have  found  true  the  statement  of  my 
British  friends  in  Canada, ''that  the  Long-knives  will  always 
claim  the  land,  as  far  as  they  are  j)ermitted  to  make  a  track 
with  their  foot,  or  mark  a  tree."  I  will  not  however,  believe 
that  die  great  Chief,  who  is  pleased  to  call  himself  our ''Fa- 
ther," will  send  an  army  of  his  warriors  against  his  children, 
for  no  other  cause  than  for  contending  to  cultivate  the  fields 
which  their  own  labor  has  jMOvided,  and  for  occuj)ying  the 
houses  which  their  own  hands  have  erected!  No,  I  will  not 
believe  it,  until  I  see  his  army!  and  then,  and  not  until  then, 
will  I  forsake  these  graves  of  my  ancestors,  and  this  home  of 
my  youth! 


26 


An  Ad 

NOW    IN    FORCE    IN    IOWA. 

Sec.  1.  Be  it  enacted,  &c.,Tliat  Ijcreafter  in  actions  <jf  tres- 
pass quare  (ImisntH  J  regit,  trespass,  ejectment,  forcible  entry 
and  detainer,  as  well  as  forcible  detainer  only,  wlicn  any  per- 
son may  be  settled  on  any  of  the  public  lands  in  this  Terri- 
tory,— where  the  same  have  not  been  sold  by  the  General 
Goverrnnent, —  his,  her,  or  their  possession,  shall  be  consid- 
ered on  the  trial  as  extending  to  the  boundaries  embraced  by 
the  ''Wflm"of  such  person  or  persons,  so  as  to  enable  him, 
her,  or  them,  to  have  and  maintain  either  of  the  aforesaid  ac- 
tions, without  being  compelled  to  prove  an  actual  enclosure; 
Provided,  that  such  '"V/«///r"" shall  not  exceed,  in  number  of 
acres,  the  amount  hmited  to  any  one  person,  according  to 
the  custom  of  the  neighborhood  in  which  such  land  is  situ- 
ated, and  shall  not  in  any  case  exceed  in  extent,  three  hun- 
dred and  twenty  acres:  ixnd^ Provided,  that  such  'claim" may 
be  located  in  two  different  parcels  as  will  suit  the  convenience 
of  the  holder.  But  no  such  holder  shall  be  entitled  to  hold  a 
'''claim,  "less  than  the  smallest  legal  subdivision,  agreeably  to 
the  laws  of  the  United  States,  relative  to  selling  the  public 
lands.  And  all  such  claim  or  part  of  a  claim  shall  be  marked 
out,  so  that  the  boundaries  thereof  can  be  readily  traced,  and 
the  extent  of  said  claim  easily  known;  Provided,That  no  per- 
son shall  be  entitled  to  sustain  either  of  said  actions  for  pos- 
session of,  or  injur)'  done  to,  any  "claim, "  (except  mineral 
lots,)  unless  he  has  actually  made  an  improvement  as  required 
by  the  custom  of  the  neighborhood,  in  which  such  claim  or 
claims  are  situated. 

Sec.  2.  A  neglect  of  a  claim  by  the  owner  and  those  under 
whom  he  claims,  for  a  period  of  six  months  or  more,  shall  be 
considered  such  an  abandonment  as  to  preclude  said  ow  ner 
from  sustaining  either  of  the  aforesaid  actions. 

Sec.  3.  Nothing  in  this  act  contained  shall  be  construed  to 

27 


j)rcvcnt  anv  j)crson  fnun  suslainin^  citlicr  of  llic  aforesaid 
actions,  wlicri  there  shall  he- an  actual  enclosure,  for  an  ni|urv 
done  williui  ihc  same.  ahliouy;li  tiie  "( Idiiii  \)\  siu  \\  prison. 
enclosed  and  unenclosed,  inaN  exceed  ni  (he  wiiole  three 
hundred  and  twenty  acres. 
Approved,  January  i»»,  lb38. 


28 


exp:cu 

Robert  Lucas, 
James  Clarke, 
Charles  Mason, 
T.  S.  Wilson, 
Joseph  Williams, 
Francis  Gehon, 


riVE   OlMCERS. 

Governor. 
Secretary. 
Chief  Justice. 

Associate  Justice. 

1.1.  II 

Marshal. 


LAND  office  AT  BURLINGTON. 


Augustus  C.  Dodge, 
Verplanck  Van  Antwerp, 


Register. 
Receiver. 


LAND  OFFICE  AT  DUBUQUE. 


Benjamin  R.  Petrikin, 
Thomas  McKnight, 


Register. 
Receiver. 


INDIAN  DEPARTMENT. 


Robert  Lucas, 

Superintenc 

Jesse  Williams,         ....         Messenger. 

SAUK  AND  FOX  AGENCY. 

Joseph  M.  Street,     ....         Agent. 

Joseph  Smart, 

Interpreter. 

C.  H.  Withington, 

Blacksmith 

Joshua  W.  Baker, 

do. 

Harvey  Sturdivant, 

Gunsmith. 

Richard  Kerr, 

Farmer. 

Ruth  Kerr, 

Laborer. 

Job  Smith, 

do. 

William  Fuilerton, 

do. 

David  Fuilerton, 

do. 

—  Cannon, 

do. 

Jeremiah  Smith, 

Miller. 

Samuel  Smith, 

do. 

Henry  Plummer, 

Striker. 

Preston  Roberts, 

do. 

SIOUX  AGENCY  AT  SAINT  PETERS. 

Law.  Taliaferro,        ....         Agent. 

Scott  Campbell, 

Interpreter. 

SIOl'X  AC.ENCY  AT  SAINT  prrFRS.  —  Cpritimud. 


Antoiiic  Papin, 
James  Rcasch, 
Oliver  Riiscico, 
John  Short, 
Gideon  H.  Pond, 
Samuel  F.  Dt'iiton, 
John  Hollon. 
Jcdediah  D.  Stephens, 
Peter  (^iiin, 
Louis  Martin, 
Oliver  Farribault, 
(Oliver  Cratte. 
NN  lUiam  M.  Manning, 
Dr.  Joiui  Emerson, 


lilacksmith. 
Assistant  <li>. 
lildcksmith. 
Assistant  do. 
Fannrr. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 
Armorer  and  Smith, 
.issistant  do. 
P/nsician. 


FORT  SNELLING. 


Brev.  Maj.  Plvnipton, 


Commanding  Officer. 


Post  Masters. 
Thomas  Dickey, 
John  D.  Bell, 
Selh  Richards, 
E.  Hookc, 
E.  E.  Fay, 
Enos  Lowe, 
Simeon  Gardner, 
William  H.  Brown, 
M.  N.  Bosworth, 
D.  E.  Eldrige, 
\V.  H.  Vandcventer, 
G.  B.  Morrison, 
II.  Bateman, 
Peter  Miller, 
S.  G.  Stambaugh, 
A.  Walton, 
A.  Glark, 
S.  R.  Isett, 
John  Buckliart, 


POST  OFFICE  DEPARTMENT. 

Offices. 
AugiLsta. 


Btllvieiv. 

Bnitonsport. 

Black  Hank. 

Bloomington. 

Burlington. 

Camanchc. 

Charleston. 

Clark's  ferry. 

Davenport. 

Devcnterville. 

Dubuque. 

Farmington. 

Fort  Madison. 

Fort  S lulling. 

Geneva. 

Crandview. 

Hope  Farm. 

Jacksonville. 


POSr  (JKUCE  UtI 

T.  T.  Clark,     . 
B.  Nye, 

D.  W.  Kilhourn, 
A.  Sanders, 
Robert  Mofllt, 
J.  H.  Kinkade, 

E.  Parkluirst, 
M.  W.  Power, 
A.  B.  Lathroj), 
J.  J.  Fairniaii, 
J.  H.  Sullivan, 
Aaron  Street, 
T.  J.  Sanborn, 
J.  D.  Bourne,  ( Waw-pe 
Zadock  C.  Ingram, 
Francis  Foot, 
Owen  Dodd, 
John  Sherfey, 


ARTMENT. — Ccntuiuid. 

Moscow. 
Moulpflirr. 
Montr  osr. 
Mount  IHeasant. 
New  Lexington. 
New  London. 
Parkluirst. 
Feru. 

Pleasant  Valley. 
Portoro. 
Rockingham. 
SaUrn. 
Sanbomton. 
-pin-e-ke)    Waubesoptneeoux. 
Wapello. 
West  Liberty. 
West  Point. 
Wyoming. 


CIVIL   OFFICERS. 
W.  W.  Chapman,      ....         Delegate  in  Congress. 


MEMBERS  OF  THE  COUNCIL. 

Stephen  Hempstead,  President  —  Keith, 

A.  Ingham, 

J.  B.  Browne, 

C.  Whittlesey, 

G.  Hepner, 

—  Clark, 

L.  B.  Hughes, 


—  Parker, 

—  Payne, 

—  Ralston, 

—  Swazey, 

—  Lewis, 
B.  F.  Wallace,  Secretary, 


MEMBERS  OF  THE  HOUSE  OF  REPRESENTATIVES. 


Edward  Johnson,  Speaker. 
Alfred  Rich, 
James  Churchman, 
Laurel  Summers, 
Shepherd  Leffler, 
Joshua  Owen, 
Jacob  Mintun, 
Daniel  Brewer, 


—  Hall, 

—  Biggs, 

—  Hastings, 

—  Clark, 

—  Coop, 

—  Baily, 

—  Cox, 

—  Robertson, 


MKMIIKRS  OK  TIIK   IIOISK   OK  UM'KKSKNTA TIVKS.  —  ('.outimtrd. 
William  K.  Ross,  ^  Flfcnor, 

J.  i...  Hawkins,  —  Langworthy, 

L.  N.  Ktij;lisli,  —  Wlicclcr, 

NN  illiani  Patterson,  —  Lash, 

—  Waluorth.  —  Myers, 

J.  F.  Pales.  Chirf  Clnk'. 


Benton. 

Buchanan, 

Cedar. 

Clinton, 

Clavton, 

Des  Moines, 

Diibu<|ue, 

Delaware, 

Fayette, 

Henrv. 

Jackson, 


Augusta, 

Astoria, 

Antwerp. 

Akwipetuk, 

Burlington, 

Blooniington, 

Buflalo, 

Bellevue, 

Bent(jnsport, 

Black  Hawk, 

Camunche, 

Charleston, 

(Jatlechh, 

Dubucjuc, 

Davenp»jrt, 

Dernnark, 

Dcvcnterville, 

Fort  Madison, 

Farniington, 


COUNTIES. 

Jones, 

Johnson, 

Jefferson, 

Keokuk, 

Lee, 

Louisa, 

Linn, 

Muscatine, 

Scott, 

Van  Buren, 

\V  ashington. 

TOWNS. 

Florence, 
Geneva, 

Grand  view, 

Iowa  city, 

Jacksonville, 

Keokuk. 

Keoshawcjua, 

Lexington, 

Lyons, 

Mount  Pleasant, 

Monlpclier, 

Montrose. 

Moscow, 

Napoleon, 

New  London. 

Parkhurst, 

Pleasant  Valley, 

Praine  La  Porte, 

Philadelphia. 


'iOY^NS.     Coittiniud. 

Peru,  Tuscarora, 

Portoro,  Van  Buren, 

Pittsbiirj:;,  Wajialaw, 

Point  Coni(V)rt,  West  Point, 

Rochester,  Wyoming, 

Rockingham,  Washington, 

Sanborn  ton,  West  Liberty. 
Salem, 


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I htrty-five  hundred  copies  have  been  printed  for  the 
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